交联聚乙烯醇膜制备优化及在电吸附中的应用

采用化学交联法制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合膜,研究磺基琥珀酸(SSA)交联聚乙烯醇薄膜的电容去离子行为.磺基琥珀酸作为一种交联剂和亲水基团的给体,可以很好地应用于聚乙烯醇膜的改性.详细研究了制备工艺(交联剂含量,交联温度)对复合膜电容去离子性能的影响,并进行对比实验,将电容去离子系统(CDI)(仅使用活性炭电极)和采用了PVA与SSA交联的膜电容去离子系统(MCDI)(电极表面覆盖离子交换膜)分别进行吸脱附运行操作.结果表明:当交联剂SSA的质量分数为5%,交联温度为100℃时,交联聚乙烯醇复合膜在电容去离子中的应用使电极的吸附量增强了15%左右,电荷效率平均提高了25%.     

磺化聚醚醚酮/磷酸锆复合质子交换膜的制备及性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法原位生成磷酸锆,制备磺化聚醚醚酮／磷酸锆复合质子交换膜。采用扫描电镜观察复合膜的断面形貌;采用热重分析仪研究复合膜的热稳定性;采用气相色谱测量并计算了复合膜的阻醇性;采用交流阻抗法测量复合膜的质子传导率;同时还研究复合膜的吸水率、尺寸稳定性。研究结果表明：复合膜中磷酸锆呈无定形状态,与有机基体结合紧密;随着磷酸锆含量的增加,复合膜的热稳定性、尺寸稳定性和阻醇性能提高,吸水率降低,当磷酸锆含量（质量分数）为30％时,复合膜的甲醇渗透系数比磺化聚醚醚酮（sPEEK）膜降低47．5％;在100％相对湿度下,复合膜的稳定温度随磷酸锆的含量增加而升高,含磷酸锆20％以上的复合膜在80℃时仍稳定;质子传导率在低温下略有降低,但随温度的升高,质子传导率有所增加,当温度为80℃时,质子传导率与Nafion115膜的传导率相当。     

层状磷酸锆的溶剂热合成与表征

用溶剂热法合成了α 磷酸锆 (α ZrP)晶体 ,并采用XRD、IR、TEM和TG/DSC等方法对其进行了表征 ,结果显示 ,用该法制得的α ZrP ,具有良好的结晶度 ,层间距达到7.6 3 .α ZrP晶体的结晶水在 1 2 5℃到 430℃之间被脱除 ,其层板羟基在 430℃开始缓慢脱除 ,直到 5 80℃才完全脱除 ,表明其热稳定性较高 .得到了溶剂热法合成α ZrP的优化实验条件为 :体系中磷酸浓度为 5M至 1 0M和 1 80℃下反应 48h以上 .     

离子液体?聚乙烯醇复合质子交换膜的制备及其性能

离子液体1-(2-氰乙基)-3-苄基咪唑硫酸氢盐([cebzim]HSO4)与聚乙烯醇(PVA)通过溶液浇铸法制备离子液体复合膜[cebzim]HSO4/PVA.采用FT-IR、XRD、TGA及SEM对所制备离子液体复合膜的结构和形貌进行表征.同时研究了离子液体含量对[cebzim]HSO4/PVA复合膜的耐水性能、溶胀性能、电导率及机械性能的影响.实验结果表明:随着离子液体含量的增加,[cebzim]HSO4/PVA复合膜的吸水率、溶胀率、电导率增加,机械性能下降.综合考虑,当离子液体质量分数为50%时,[cebzim]HSO4/PVA复合膜的性能最优.     

聚苯乙烯微孔粒子及复合膜的制备与性能研究

本研究制备一种表面羟基化聚苯乙烯微孔粒子-聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合膜.首先采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)合成了聚醋酸乙烯酯-聚苯乙烯二嵌段聚合物(PVAc-b-PS);通过傅-克烷基化反应(Friedel-Crafts alkylation)将聚苯乙烯链中的苯环超交联,制备了超交联微孔粒子(HCPNPs);将HCPNPs表面醇解,得到了表面羟基化的微孔粒子(AHCPNPs);将AHCPNPs、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)与PVA反应制备PVA复合膜.通过红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)确定PVAc-b-PS合成的成功;通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG)、IR、BET比表面积测试等表征HCPNPs、AHCPNPs和PVA复合膜的结构和性能;结果表明AHCPNPs添加比例为2%时对复合膜的强度增强性能更好,并且不影响PVA复合膜的整体形貌和表面亲水的性质.     

PVA/PES复合膜的制备及其渗透汽化脱盐性能研究

以聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜为基底,戊二醛为表面粘合剂,将由4-磺基邻苯二甲酸(SPTA)交联得到的聚乙烯醇(PVA)涂覆到PES表面得到了磺化PVA/PES复合膜。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、热失重分析仪(TGA)表征不同交联剂含量PVA膜的交联程度以及热稳定性,通过电子扫描显微镜(SEM)对复合膜的形貌进行表征。研究了交联剂含量对PVA/PES复合膜渗透汽化脱盐性能的影响,结果表明:随着交联剂含量的增加,致密膜的溶胀度先减小后增加,而水接触角先增加后减小;当交联度为15%时,复合膜的渗透汽化性能最优;性能最优复合膜的纯水通量在70℃时达到24.32 L/(m~2·h),在处理质量分数为3.5%Na Cl水溶液时的水通量达到13.27 L/(m2·h),对盐的截留率高达99.88%。     

TiO2/PVA-CS复合膜的制备及性能的研究

针对TiO2单独使用时存在吸附性差、易聚集、重复利用率低等问题,通过流延法制备了TiO2/聚乙烯醇(PVA)-壳聚糖(CS)复合膜,用XRD、IR及SEM对复合膜进行了结构形貌表征,并测量了其拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,同时以甲基橙为模型物,研究了复合膜在紫外光照下催化其降解的性能。结果表明:TiO2的加入使复合膜的羟基峰向低波数移动,但不改变其X-射线衍射峰,却使其拉伸强度和断裂伸长率增大。同时TiO2与PVA、CS相容性较好;紫外光作用下,有利于降解反应的进行,复合膜光催化甲基橙降解反应基本符合一级动力学方程,降解效果良好。     

双喷头静电纺丝法制备PU增强增韧PVA复合膜

文章采用双喷头静电纺丝法制备了聚乙烯酸/聚氨酯(PVA/PU)复合膜。扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)表征结果表明PVA/PU复合膜中PU电纺膜与PVA电纺膜在交叉点上有明显的粘连。差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimeter,DSC)分析结果显示复合膜中PVA的玻璃化转变温度降低,间接地反映出PVA电纺膜与PU电纺膜有较强的联系和相互作用。因此,PVA/PU复合膜在受力形变过程中,应力能够有效地在PVA间传递,从而提高了复合膜的拉伸强度;由于PU电纺膜具有很高的柔性,复合膜的断裂伸长率也得以大幅提升。该实验所制备的PVA/PU复合膜具有较强的力学性能和良好的生物相容性等特点,使得该复合膜在生物医学研究(组织工程、伤口敷料、药物释放等)领域具有良好的潜在应用价值。     

碳纳米管基电子-离子双传递功能复合膜的构筑及电驱动离子分离性能

构筑具有电子、离子传递的双功能电活性离子分离膜是电控离子选择渗透膜(ESIPM)分离领域的关键技术。通过将导电碳纳米管(CNT)和纤维素纳米纤维(CNF)共混抽滤，制备了在亚微米尺度具有三维多孔结构的CNT/CNF复合膜，以此为导电基膜，通过溶液渗透策略，在不破坏CNT交联网络结构的前提下，将具有阳离子交换功能的磺化聚苯乙烯(SPS)原位填充到CNT/CNF的亚微米孔道中，制备了具有电子、离子双重传递功能的SPS/CNT/CNF复合膜。采用SEM、XRD、FTIR、接触角测试仪对其结构和性能进行了表征，并结合电驱动膜分离测试装置，对CNT/CNF膜和SPS/CNT/CNF膜的离子分离性能进行了系统对比。结果表明，SPS/CNT/CNF复合膜具有等效商业化离子交换膜的阳离子分离能力，而且具备优良的导电性，其导电性能相较于传统的惰性离子交换膜提升了7个数量级。此外，该SPS/CNT/CNF复合膜还具备优良的电化学活性、亲水性以及稳定性，本研究为制备高性能ESIPM提供了新型的合成策略。     

静电纺丝法制备PAN-CuTsPc纳米纤维改性CMC-PVA/CS-PVA双极膜

分别用Fe3+和戊二醛作为交联剂对羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)-聚乙烯醇(PVA)阳膜层和壳聚糖(CS)-聚乙烯醇阴膜层进行改性,在中间界面层引入以静电纺丝技术制备的聚丙烯腈(PAN)-四磺酸基铜酞菁(CuTsPc)纳米纤维纺丝,制备了CMC-PVA/PAN-CuTsPc/CS-PVA双极膜(BPM).并用扫描电镜、接触角测定仪,电流密度-槽电压关系曲线、交流阻抗谱等对制备的双极膜进行了表征.结果表明,CMC-PVA阳膜用PAN-CuTsPc纳米纤维纺丝改性后,表面亲水性增强,中间界面层水解离效率提高,致使双极膜的膜阻抗和IR降显著降低.CMC-PVA/PAN-CuTsPc/CS-PVA(w(CuTsPc):3.0%)双极膜在90 mA·cm-2电流密度时的电阻压降(即膜IR降)仅为0.9 V.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.