差示扫描量热法研究天然橡胶的低温结晶与熔融行为

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对天然橡胶(NR)等温结晶过程进行了研究。结果表明,天然橡胶在等温结晶6～8小时后结晶基本完善,具有两种结晶结构。在-25℃结晶时,结晶速率和结晶程度最大。以大于5℃/min的升温速率熔融时,熔融曲线出现明显的双峰。通过Hoffman-Weeks方程拟合得到天然橡胶的平衡熔点为18.03℃～62.42℃。由等温结晶动力学计算,得出天然橡胶等温结晶过程的Avrmai指数在2.21～3.02之间。     

解偏振光法测定PET的结晶和熔融

本文采用具有热平衡时间很短的自制解偏振光测定装置,测定了PET分别从熔融态降温和玻璃态升温于125℃～219℃各温度的等温结晶过程。得到的两种结晶过程的半结晶期-结晶温度曲线重叠性良好,最大结晶速度温度约为170℃。Avramin指数于4.2～5。同时用本装置测定了上述等温结晶的PET样品的熔点,证明了结晶PET熔融时产生双熔点现象是由于聚合物在升温过程中发生结晶熔融—再结晶—再熔融所引起的。     

水滴在真空室内结晶过程的模拟

模拟真空室内水滴结晶过程是模拟真空雾化法制备冰浆系统的第一步。模拟了液滴在真空室内从较高的温度降温到零度,之后到一定的过冷度,然后发生相变为液-固两相,到最后为全部固相的整个过程。在该过程中热质传递迅速发生,模拟结果表明蒸发或者升华控制了整个过程。以扩散模型和以对流模型所得到的结果都与实验结果在一定程度上吻合,这是因为通过对流或者导热所传递的热量比相变潜热要小几个数量级。在整个结晶过程中液滴温度的变化表明:液固相变要占据较长的时间,是一个更为重要的过程。考虑重力、浮力和粘滞力的影响给出了液滴在结晶过程中的运动方程。从该模型计算出的液滴结晶过程中下降距离比仅考虑重力作用下给出的要准确。研究结果为更好的设计真空闪蒸室提供了理论依据和参考。     

凹凸棒黏土对聚乳酸结晶性能和热稳定性能的影响

采用熔融共混法分别制备了凹凸棒黏土质量分数为1%、 3%和5%的纳米凹凸棒黏土(ATT)/聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料, 研究了ATT对PLA结晶性能和热稳定性能的影响。结果表明, ATT与PLA基体具有较好的相容性, 当ATT含量低于3%时, 可以均匀的分散在PLA基体中, 而达到5%时则会发生团聚。FTIR结果表明, ATT与PLA基体之间存在较强的相互作用。ATT可明显促进PLA的结晶, 起到异相成核的作用。ATT纳米颗粒的添加引起了PLA冷结晶峰向低温方向移动, 使冷结晶温度从114.4 ℃降低至103 ℃左右。含ATT体系结晶速率比纯PLA快, 表明ATT的加入可以促进PLA的结晶, 说明ATT是PLA有效的成核剂之一。添加ATT可明显加快PLA的结晶速率并减小球晶尺寸。当添加3%ATT时, ATT/PLA复合材料的热分解温度比纯PLA提高了11 ℃, 这主要是由于ATT/PLA网络密度的提高, 使ATT在PLA的降解过程中能够起到较好的阻隔作用, 抑制了PLA的降解自加速过程。     

聚乙二醇对纤维素纳米晶体/聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯复合材料性能的影响

为了探讨聚乙二醇(PEG)对纤维素纳米晶体(CNCs)/聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)复合材料性能的影响规律,采用熔融共混法制备了PEG-CNCs/PHBV复合材料。采用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、DSC、偏光显微镜(POM)、TG、力学试验机表征了复合材料的界面形貌、结晶性能、力学性能。结果表明,PEG的加入使CNCs/PHBV复合材料的断面由光滑变得粗糙,断口凹凸不平;PEG-CNCs/PHBV复合材料球晶尺寸减小,球晶结构产生缺陷,熔融过程转变成两个熔融峰,熔融温度T_m从167.8℃下降到165.1℃,此外,PEG的加入增加了复合材料分子链的移动性,结晶变得困难,结晶度X_c从54.3%下降到50.2%,熔融结晶温度T_(mc)从99.8℃下降到73.5℃;PEG的加入提高了CNCs/PHBV复合材料的冲击强度和拉伸断裂伸长率,25wt%PEG添加量时,较纯PHBV最大增幅分别为56.4%和96.3%,但杨氏弹性模量和拉伸强度不断下降;PEG的加入使复合材料热解过程由一步热解转化成两步,25wt%PEG添加量时,第一步热解中的最快分解温度(T_(max1))从281.5℃上升到285.3℃;第二步热解中的最快分解温度(T_(max2))从371.5℃上升到394.3℃。因此,PEG的加入可以改善CNCs与PHBV界面相容性和结晶性能,从而提高CNCs/PHBV复合材料韧性、塑性和热稳定性。     

凹凸棒黏土对聚乳酸结晶性能和热稳定性能的影响

采用熔融共混法分别制备了凹凸棒黏土质量分数为1％、3％和5％的纳米凹凸棒黏土(ATT)/聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料,研究了ATT对PLA结晶性能和热稳定性能的影响.结果表明,ATT与PLA基体具有较好的相容性,当ATT含量低于3％时,可以均匀的分散在PLA基体中,而达到5％时则会发生团聚.FTIR结果表明,ATT与PLA基体之间存在较强的相互作用.ATT可明显促进PLA的结晶,起到异相成核的作用.ATT纳米颗粒的添加引起了PLA冷结晶峰向低温方向移动,使冷结晶温度从114.4℃降低至103℃左右.含ATT体系结晶速率比纯PLA快,表明ATT的加入可以促进PLA的结晶,说明ATT是PLA有效的成核剂之一.添加ATT可明显加快PLA的结晶速率并减小球晶尺寸.当添加3％ATT时,ATT/PLA复合材料的热分解温度比纯PLA提高了11℃,这主要是由于ATT/PLA网络密度的提高,使ATT在PLA的降解过程中能够起到较好的阻隔作用,抑制了PLA的降解自加速过程.     

超高分子量聚乙烯/石蜡油体系的热力学相图及微孔膜的结构EI北大核心CSCD

在制备超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)微孔膜的过程中需要加入大量的稀释剂如液体石蜡(LP),以降低聚乙烯的熔体黏度,同时作为微孔膜的造孔剂。文中首先通过热力学理论分析了UHMWPE/LP体系是属于强相互作用体系,然后通过热台-显微镜装置在慢速的升温和降温过程中获得了相平衡温度曲线,再通过差示扫描量热测试获得了结晶温度曲线,发现相平衡温度与结晶温度均与聚乙烯含量成正相关性,分别组成了UHMWPE/LP体系的热力学相图中的相变开始和相变结束时的温度曲线。该相分离发生在100～130℃的温度范围内,是由于该体系中聚乙烯结晶引发了固-液相分离,该体系的相分离过程可以认为是晶相与非晶相之间的物质交换的过程。最后扫描电镜照片也表明UHMWPE/LP体系中的液体石蜡会削弱聚乙烯的结晶能力,影响冷却后非晶相的尺寸,从而改变萃取后微孔膜的微观结构。     

聚萘二甲酸丁二醇酯的“一步结晶”和“两步结晶”行为

聚萘二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBN)在不同结晶条件下可能发生“一步结晶”和“两步结晶”,从而形成不同的晶型和结晶形态。文中采用差示扫描量热仪和快速扫描芯片量热仪研究了PBN熔体在不同降温速率下的结晶行为,并借助偏光显微镜和原子力显微镜观察了PBN熔体在不同过冷度条件下形成的晶型及形态。结果表明,随着降温速率的增加,PBN的结晶机理由“一步结晶”转变为“两步结晶”,其临界降温速率约为40 K/s。另外,PBN熔体在低过冷度下形成具有片晶结构的β’晶和α晶,在高过冷度下形成非片晶结构的粒状小晶块,同时证实PBN液晶中间相向α晶的转变是固-固相转变。     

超高分子量聚乙烯/石蜡油体系的热力学相图及微孔膜的结构

在制备超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)微孔膜的过程中需要加入大量的稀释剂如液体石蜡(LP),以降低聚乙烯的熔体黏度,同时作为微孔膜的造孔剂。文中首先通过热力学理论分析了UHMWPE/LP体系是属于强相互作用体系,然后通过热台-显微镜装置在慢速的升温和降温过程中获得了相平衡温度曲线,再通过差示扫描量热测试获得了结晶温度曲线,发现相平衡温度与结晶温度均与聚乙烯含量成正相关性,分别组成了UHMWPE/LP体系的热力学相图中的相变开始和相变结束时的温度曲线。该相分离发生在100～130℃的温度范围内,是由于该体系中聚乙烯结晶引发了固-液相分离,该体系的相分离过程可以认为是晶相与非晶相之间的物质交换的过程。最后扫描电镜照片也表明UHMWPE/LP体系中的液体石蜡会削弱聚乙烯的结晶能力,影响冷却后非晶相的尺寸,从而改变萃取后微孔膜的微观结构。     

聚乳酸/聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯共混物等温结晶行为及等温热处理对力学性能的影响

通过熔融共混法制备聚乳酸(PLA)/聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)(80/20)共混物,对其等温结晶行为、微观形貌、拉伸性能和维卡软化点(VST)进行研究。并在110℃时,利用等温热处理控制样品的结晶度,研究结晶度对样品拉伸韧性和VST的影响。结果发现,随着样品结晶度由9%增大至最大值36%,PLA基体中的无定形部分不断发生结晶,样品的断裂伸长率由256%骤降至11%,而VST值则由58℃提高至143℃。这是由PLA无定形部分与结晶部分巨大的性能差异所造成。当结晶度在27%时,其VST值达到123℃,断裂伸长率维持在160%左右,在增韧和耐热性能之间取得较好平衡。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.