单纯收缩期高血压对老年人群心脑血管事件的影响

目的观察单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)对老年人群心脑血管事件的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以参加2006-07-2007-10健康查体的开滦集团在职及离退休职工101510人中年龄≥60岁,符合中国高血压防治指南2010ISH诊断标准(5321例)和正常血压诊断标准(2226例)的人群作为观察队列。随访38～53(49.5±2.7)月,随访期间每半年收集1次新发心脑血管事件情况。观察ISH在老年人群中心脑血管事件发生率并用多变量Cox比例风险回归模型分析影响心脑血管事件的因素。结果①与正常血压组相比,ISH组的平均年龄较大,三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、尿酸和体质量指数水平高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②随访期间共发生383例心脑血管事件。在老年人群中,ISH组中总心脑血管事件、急性心肌梗死、脑梗死、脑出血和心脑血管病死亡的累积发生率分别为5.84%、1.32%、2.89%、0.66%和1.50%,高于正常血压组的3.23%、0.49%、1.66%、0.27%和1.21%,其中总心脑血管事件、急性心肌梗死、脑梗死和脑出血的事件累积发生率两组人群差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③多变量Cox比例风险回归模型表明,校正其他传统心血管危险因素后,ISH组发生总心脑血管事件、急性心肌梗死和脑梗死的RR分别是正常血压组的1.69倍(95%CI1.21～2.35),2.30倍(95%CI1.02～5.23)和1.64倍(95%CI1.03～2.61)。结论老年ISH是总心脑血管事件、急性心肌梗死和脑梗死事件的独立危险因素。     

单纯舒张期高血压对新发心脑血管事件影响的前瞻性研究

目的探讨单纯舒张期高血压(IDH)对新发心脑血管事件的影响。方法选取2009年2月—2014年2月在广元市第二人民医院、广元市第三人民医院、成都416医院体检中心体检的3 850例既往无心脑血管病史的IDH患者作为IDH组,另选取同期在三家医院体检的3 000例血压正常者作为对照组。对患者随访12~70个月,随访截止至2015-02-28。收集并记录患者的一般资料〔性别、年龄、体质指数(BIM)、吸烟、饮酒、喜盐、锻炼、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)〕、生化指标〔总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、空腹血糖(FPG)〕及心肌梗死、脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件的发生情况。采用Cox回归模型分析IDH对心脑血管事件的影响。结果两组受试者年龄、HDL、FPG比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);IDH组患者男性比例、BMI、吸烟率、饮酒率、喜盐率、SBP、DBP、HR、TC、TG、LDL均高于对照组,锻炼率低于对照组(P0.05)。IDH组患者脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件发生率(1.10%、0.52%、1.93%)高于对照组(0.50%、0.10%、0.80%)(P0.05);两组受试者心肌梗死发生率(对照组及IDH组分别为0.31%与0.30%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。IDH组患者脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件的发生风险分别是对照组的2.52倍〔RR=2.52,95%CI(1.32,5.04)〕、1.54倍〔RR=1.54,95%CI(1.14,2.58)〕、1.51倍〔RR=1.51,95%CI(1.20,2.63)〕;60岁的IDH患者脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件的发生风险分别是对照组的1.49倍〔RR=1.49,95%CI(1.21,2.76)〕、1.32倍〔RR=1.32,95%CI(1.13,2.76)〕、1.18倍〔RR=1.18,95%CI(1.04,3.24)〕;≥60岁的IDH患者的脑梗死、脑出血及总心脑血管事件的发生风险分别是对照组的2.98倍〔RR=2.98,95%CI(1.64,4.95)〕、4.32倍〔RR=4.32,95%CI(2.76,7.33)〕、1.90倍〔RR=1.90,95%CI(1.27,4.37)〕。结论 IDH是心脑血管事件的危险因素,高龄IDH患者发生心脑血管事件的风险较高,临床应引起重视。     

体质量指数变异性对心脑血管事件的影响

目的探究体质量指数(BMI)变异性对心脑血管事件的影响。方法采用回顾性研究方法,以参加2006-2007年健康体检后,至少参加2008-2009、2010-2011年任一次体检的开滦研究人群作为研究队列,最终入选75 012例观察对象,计算随访间BMI变异性(2次或3次体检间的BMI变异性),并根据BMI标准差(BMI-SD)的四分位数将观察对象分成4组,分别为Q1:BMI-SD≤0.51,Q2:0.51～0.91,Q3:0.91～1.47,Q4:1.47 kg/m~2。以末次体检时间为随访起点,每年由经过培训的医务人员查阅观察对象在开滦集团所属各医院及市医保定点医院的住院诊断并记录终点事件的情况。随访至2017-12-31。以随访期间的心脑血管事件作为终点事件。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算不同组别终点事件的累积发生率,并用Log-Rank检验比较各组终点事件累积发生率的差异;用Cox比例风险模型分析BMI-SD对心脑血管事件的影响。结果 75 012例观察对象平均随访7.01年,发生心脑血管事件者共3 569例。Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4组的7年心脑血管事件累积发生率分别为4.13%、4.36%、4.73%、5.32%,脑卒中累积发生率分别为3.28%、3.47%、3.80%、4.21%,心肌梗死累积发生率分别为0.95%、0.93%、1.01%、1.22%。经Log-Rank检验,各组间终点事件累积发生率差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。Cox回归分析显示,校正其他混杂因素后,与Q1组相比,Q4组发生心脑血管事件、脑卒中、心肌梗死的HR值(95%CI)分别为1.20(1.09～1.32)、1.15(1.04～1.28)、1.36(1.10～1.67);根据BMI变化斜率分层后,BMI正向变异(BMI变化斜率0)和负向变异(BMI变化斜率≤0)人群中Q4组发生心脑血管事件的HR值(95%CI)分别为1.19(1.03～1.36)、1.19(1.04～1.36)。结论在开滦研究队列人群中,BMI变异性是心脑血管事件发病风险的独立危险因素。心脑血管事件发病风险随着BMI变异性的增加而增加。     

高血压前期人群血压转归及其影响因素

目的 探讨高血压前期人群血压转归及其影响因素.方法 选择2006-2007年度开滦集团公司职工健康体检中符合JNC-7高血压前期诊断标准的高血压前期人群作为观察队列.于2008-2009年度对观察队列进行第2次健康体检,观察其血压转归情况及其影响因素.结果 (1)纳入最终观察队列的高血压前期者为25 474例,第2次体检时有8361例进展至高血压.男性与女性人群进展至高血压的比例分别为35.3%、23.3%;基线血压水平在120-129/80～84 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、130～139/85～89 mm Hg范围内的人群进展至高血压的比例分别为27.2%、43.8%;有、无危险因素的人群进展至高血压的比例分别为34.3%、19.9%.(2)多因素logistic回归分析影响进展至高血压的危险因素依次是基线收缩压、腰围、年龄、体质指数(BMI)、性别(男性)、舒张压、总胆固醇、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,上述因素每增加一个单位进展至高血压的RR(95%可信区间)分别为1.052(1.048～1.056)、1.009(1.006～1.013)、1.023(1.021～1.026)、1.063(1.052～1.074)、1.554(1.442～1.675)、1.036(1.029～1.043)、1.064(1.037～1.093)、1.043(1.024～1.062)、1.041(1.021～1.062)、1.035(1.000～1.072).结论 2年间有32.8%的高血压前期人群进展至高血压.基线收缩压、腰围、年龄、BMI、性别(男性)、舒张压、总胆固醇、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是进展至高血压的危险因素.     

小剂量阿司匹林在2180例高血压病患者心脑血管事件一级预防中的作用

目的探讨小剂量阿司匹林缓释片对高血压患者心脑血管事件一级预防的作用。方法由湖南省心脑血管病防治网络协作组组织其网络内的13家三甲和二甲医院参与完成前瞻性随机对照研究。2274例高血压患者被随机分为试验组和对照组,其中试验组1186例,在血压控制正常后给予肠溶阿司匹林缓释片50~100mg/d及常规降压治疗;对照组1088例,只给予常规降压治疗,观察两组患者心脑血管事件的发生情况。平均随访3.2年,最后2180例完成试验,其中试验组1151例,对照组1029例。结果试验组各事件的累积发病率为总事件3.6%、脑梗死2.1%、脑出血0.7%、心肌梗死0.2%、总死亡0.4%、因事件死亡0.2%,对照组分别为总事件5.2%、脑梗死3.6%、脑出血1.3%、心肌梗死0.9%、总死亡0.4%、因事件死亡0.3%。试验组和对照组相比,心肌梗死发病率降低,其相对危险度为0.204(95%可信区间为0.044~0.943),具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。而两组的心脑血管事件总发生率及脑梗死、脑出血、因事件死亡等终点事件比较没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。与对照组比,试验组发生心脑血管事件的相对危险度为0.701(95%可信区间为0.469~1.048),发生脑梗死的相对危险度为0.815(95%可信区间为0.470~1.412),发生脑出血的相对危险度为0.567(95%可信区间为0.235~1.368),因心脑血管事件死亡的相对危险度为3.645(95%可信区间为0.407~32.614),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高血压患者常规降压治疗的同时加用小剂量阿司匹林缓释片可以显著降低心肌梗死的发生率,且未见增加脑出血的风险,可以起到一级预防的作用。     

心电图左室肥厚与脑卒中发病风险及其预后的关系

目的:评价在我国人群中心电图左室肥厚对脑卒中(包括动脉粥样硬化性血栓性脑梗死、腔隙性脑梗死、脑出血亚型)发病的风险和脑卒中患者长期心脑血管不良事件发生的风险。方法:采用多中心病例对照研究分析心电图左室肥厚与脑卒中的关系,并对脑卒中患者进行前瞻性随访,利用COX生存回归模型分析左室肥厚对心脑血管不良事件的影响。结果:共1874例初发脑卒中患者和1879例对照入选。在校正了性别、年龄、体质指数、血压、血糖、血脂因素后,心电图左室肥厚显著增加脑卒中发病的风险(P0.01),脑卒中以及动脉粥样硬化性血栓性脑梗死亚型、腔隙性脑梗死亚型、脑出血亚型校正后的OR值分别是2.2(95%CI:1.6～3.0)、2.2(95%CI:1.6～3.1)、1.8(95%CI:1.2～2.7)、2.0(95%CI:1.3～3.0)。随访0.1～6.1(3.7±1.4)年,在校正了混杂因素后,心电图左室肥厚显著增加脑卒中患者心脑血管不良事件发生的风险(RR:1.36,95%CI:1.04～1.76,P0.05)。结论:心电图左室肥厚不仅是我国脑卒中患者发病的独立危险因素,而且还是脑卒中患者预后不良的独立预测因素。     

老年高血压人群精神压力与新发心脑血管事件关系的研究

目的探讨精神压力对老年高血压人群新发心脑血管事件的预测价值。方法选择2010年1月~2012年6月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院健康体检的老年高血压人群2056例,年龄60~80(68.52±7.94)岁,其中男性1085例,女性971例。根据患者健康问卷(patient health questionnaire-9,PHQ-9)和焦虑量表(generalized anxiety disorder-7,GAD-7)评分分为精神压力异常组(412例)和精神压力正常组(1644例),2组平均随访(3.5±0.5)年,记录主要心脑血管事件。分析精神压力对老年高血压人群主要心脑血管事件的预测价值。结果精神压力异常组发生心脏性猝死、非致死性心血管事件、脑出血、脑梗死和总心脑血管事件概率均明显高于精神压力正常组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);多变量Cox比例风险回归分析,校正男性、吸烟、收缩压、空腹血糖、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、同型半胱氨酸后,精神压力异常组发生心脑血管事件、脑梗死和非致死性心血管事件的相对危险分别为精神压力正常组的1.72倍(95%CI:1.31~2.62,P=0.003),1.63倍(95%CI:1.42~2.39,P=0.018)和2.54倍(95%CI:1.22~3.67,P=0.002)。结论精神压力水平可预测老年高血压人群主要心脑血管事件的风险,精神压力异常者发生临床心脑血管事件的危险增加,尤其是脑梗死和非致死性心血管事件。     

中国35～45岁人群高血压前期检出率及影响因素分析

目的研究中国35～45岁人群高血压前期的检出情况,分析男女人群中高血压前期的影响因素。方法2005-07-2007-12,采取整群抽样的方法在中国7个省市建立抽样人群,对该地常住居民进行问卷调查、体格检查以及血液标本的检测。结果共调查35～45岁中年人群11386名(男性4532人,女性6854人)(正常血压人群3839名;高血压前期人群4892名;高血压人群2655名)。高血压前期(120≤收缩压≤139mmHg,80≤舒张压≤89mmHg)检出率为43.0%,其中男性检出率显著高于女性检出率(47.8%比39.8%,P<0.01)。单因素Logistic回归分析发现性别、心率、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、糖尿病、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、腹型肥胖、全身性肥胖各因素与高血压前期发生显著相关。多因素Logistic回归分析显示在男性人群中,心率(OR1.025,95%CI1.016～1.033)、总胆固醇(1.185,1.077～1.303)、三酰甘油(1.129,1.040～1.225)、吸烟(0.740,0.623～0.877)、饮酒(1.195,1.016～1.405)和体质量指数...     

老年高血压患者幽门螺杆菌感染与新发心脑血管事件关系的研究

目的研究老年高血压患者幽门螺杆菌(helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染与新发心脑血管事件的相关性。方法选择在我院健康体检的老年高血压患者2084例,用13碳尿素呼气试验测Hp。患者根据检测结果分为Hp未感染组1208例(超基准值<4.0)和Hp感染组876例(超基准值≥4.0)。平均随访(3.5±0.5)年,随访期,每6个月电话或门诊随访1次,收集新发心脑血管事件情况。分析Hp感染对老年高血压患者新发心脑血管事件的影响。结果 Hp感染组新发总心脑血管事件(9.25%vs 3.56%)、脑梗死(4.11%vs 2.07%)和非致死性急性心肌梗死(3.65%vs 1.08%)发生率均高于Hp未感染组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);多变量Cox比例风险回归分析校正相关因素后,Hp感染组患者发生总心脑血管事件、脑梗死和心肌梗死的相对危险分别为Hp未感染组患者的2.82倍(95%CI:2.11~3.27,P=0.002),1.85倍(95%CI:1.26~2.53,P=0.013)和3.26倍(95%CI:1.41~3.99,P=0.001),Hp感染是老年高血压患者发生临床心脑血管事件的一个独立危险因素。结论 Hp感染参与动脉粥样硬化的进程,老年高血压患者Hp感染可增加发生临床心脑血管事件的危险。     

血压联合体质量指数与新发慢性肾脏病的关系

目的探讨成人群体中血压联合体质量指数(BMI)对新发慢性肾脏病(CKD)的影响。方法采用回顾性队列研究的方法,以参加2006-2007年健康体检的开滦研究人群作为研究队列,其中符合入选标准的研究对象共84 671人。依据血压[高血压:收缩压≥140和(或)舒张压≥90 mm Hg或有明确诊断的高血压病史或正在服用降压药;正常血压:收缩压140和舒张压90 mm Hg且无明确诊断的高血压病史和未服用降压药]和BMI(超重肥胖:BMI≥24 kg/m~2;非超重肥胖:BMI24 kg/m~2)将观察对象分为4组:正常血压非超重肥胖组、正常血压超重肥胖组、高血压非超重肥胖组和高血压超重肥胖组;CKD定义为:至少2次体检出现估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降或者蛋白尿;用Kaplan-Meier法计算各组新发CKD的累积发生率,并用Log-rank检验比较不同组别累积发生率的差异;采用Cox比例风险模型探讨不同组别对新发CKD的影响。结果符合入选标准的84 671名基线非CKD人群,在平均随访(8.77±1.41)年期间,共新发CKD 3 625例,累积发生率达4.28%;正常血压非超重肥胖组、正常血压超重肥胖组、高血压非超重肥胖组、高血压超重肥胖组新发CKD的累积发生率分别为2.63%、3.26%、4.47%、6.63%;并且各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,在校正多种混杂因素后,与正常血压非超重肥胖组相比,正常血压超重肥胖组、高血压非超重肥胖组和高血压超重肥胖组新发CKD的风险均增加,对应的HR(95%CI)分别为1.23(1.10～1.37)、1.53(1.35～1.73)、2.23(2.02～2.47)。此外,分别除外糖尿病、吸烟及服用降压药人群后进行了敏感性分析,结果与主要研究结果趋势一致。结论高血压和超重肥胖与新发CKD相关,同时合并高血压及超重肥胖新发CKD风险高于单独高血压或者超重肥胖者。     

Prehypertension: Risk stratification and management considerations

Approximately 37% of US adults are prehypertensive; about 31 million have blood pressures in the range of 130–139/85–89 mm Hg. These stage 2 prehypertensives have threefold greater risk for developing hypertension and twofold higher risk for cardiovascular events than normotensives. Lifestyle changes only are recommended for most prehypertensives, but evidence for community-wide effectiveness is limited. Projected numbers needed to treat to prevent a cardiovascular event are similar for stage 2 prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension when both groups are matched for concomitant risk factors. However, no clinical trials document that pharmacotherapy reduces cardiovascular events in stage 2 prehypertension. The Trial of Preventing Hypertension demonstrated that angiotensin receptor blockade safely lowers blood pressure and prevents or delays progression to hypertension in stage 2 prehypertensives. We believe it is reasonable for clinicians to identify stage 2 prehypertensives at high absolute risk for progression to hypertension and cardiovascular events, and to treat them with a renin-angiotensin system blocker when life-style changes alone are ineffective.     

Association of cardiometabolic risk profile with prehypertension accompany hyperhomocysteinaemia

Abstract

Background: Study suggested that elevated homocysteine showed a multiplicative effect on cardiovascular diseases in hypertensive subjects. It was reported that elevated homocysteine level was independently associated with increased arterial stiffness in prehypertensives. It remains unclear whether prehypertensives combined with elevated homocysteine have adverse cardiovascular risk factors. We aimed to compare cardiometabolic risk profile between prehypertensives with hyperhomocysteinaemia and those without either condition. Methods: Plasma total homocysteine and risk profile were determined among 874 Chinese non-hypertension individuals in Tianjin. They were subdivided into four groups: prehypertension with hyperhomocysteinaemia (≥10?μmol/L), prehypertension with normal homocysteine (<10?μmol/L), normotension with hyperhomocysteinaemia, normotension with normol homocysteine, respectively. Results: In 874 participants, 22.5% of them were male, mean age was 56.8 years. In multiple comparisons, after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, alcohol, exercise, education prehypertensives had higher body mass index (BMI) and high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) than normotensives (p?<?0.05, respectively); Only prehypertensive subjects with hyperhomocysteinaemia had higher triglyceride and serum uric acid compared to normotensive subjects, and lower HDL cholesterol than normotensives with normal homocysteine (p?<?0.05, respectively). However, the significance of higher hs-CRP, uric acid and lower HDL cholesterol were abolished when further adjustment was made for BMI. Conclusion: The combination of prehypertension and hyperhomocusteinaemia increases the likelihood of having adverse cardiometabolic risk profile. Strict lipid management and weigh control may be needed in prehypertensives with elevated homocysteine.     

Risk factors for prehypertension in Xinjiang Uygur population

Objective To assess the risk factors for prehypertension in Xinjiang Uygur population. Methods A cross-section study was conducted in a Xinjiang Uygur population（438 males and 716 females,aged 30 to 70 years）.The fasting lipid profiles,serum glucose,insulin,and uric acid were determined.Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance（HOMA-IR）index was used to assess insulin resistance（IR）.Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for prehypertension.Blood pressure levels ofnormotensives and prehypertensives in different body mass index（BMI）categories were compared. Results Binary logistic regression analysis performed after adjustment for gender,lipids profiles,waist-to-hip ratio,uric acid,HOMA-IR,and lifestyle（alcohol drinking and smoking）showed a significantly increasing prevalence of prehypertension with BMI.The odds ratios for prehypertension against the lowest BMI group（separated by 24 and 28）were 1.934 and 2.490（95% confidence interval：1.435-2.606 and 1.825-3.399,respectively）.Age was independently correlated to the increasing prevalence of prehypertension.HOMA-IR was not associated with prehypertensive.The mean diastolic blood pressure（DBP）was significantly increased with BMI categories in either normotensives or prehypertensives（P〈0.001）while the mean systolic blood pressure（SBP）was significantly increased with BMI only in normotensives（P〈0.001）. Conclusions In Xinjiang Uygurs,BMI and age was the risk factors for prehypertension.DBP is significantly increased with BMI.IR is not associated with prehypertension.These findings emphasize the importance of management of obesity for the control of blood pressure and other cardiovascular complications.     

An exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise is associated with cardiovascular remodeling in subjects with prehypertension.

BACKGROUND: Although many observers consider the cardiovascular risk associated with isolated prehypertension to be low and not worth pharmacological treating, the cardiovascular disease rate is increased among individuals within this blood pressure stratum. METHODS: We performed Doppler echocardiography and submaximal bicycle ergometry in 20 nonsmoking sedentary prehypertensive subjects and 20 age- and sex-matched nonsmoking sedentary normotensive subjects, and investigated the association between the systolic blood pressure response to exercise (SBPRE) and hypertensive target organ damage. An exaggerated SBPRE (E-SBPRE) and a normal SBPRE (N-SBPRE) were diagnosed using the mean +2 standard deviations of systolic blood pressure at 100 W in normotensives. RESULTS: Body mass index was similar in the two groups. Resting blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance were higher in prehypertensives. Almost half the latter had an E-SBPRE. There were no differences in age, gender, and body mass index between normotensives and prehypertensives with an E-SBPRE or a N-SBPRE. Resting blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance were similarly increased in prehypertensives with an E-SBPRE and a N-SBPRE vs normotensives. Compared with normotensives, prehypertensives with an E-SBPRE showed: (a) a significantly greater left ventricular relative wall thickness, mostly due to a smaller cavity, (b) a significantly longer left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time, and (c) a significantly greater global arterial stiffness, as estimated by the pulse pressure/left ventricular stroke volume ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that an E-SBPRE is frequent among prehypertensive subjects and is associated with cardiovascular remodeling, which may herald cardiovascular disease.     

Cardiovascular events in a prehypertensive Chinese population: Four-year follow-up study

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of cardiovascular (CV) events in a prehypertensive Chinese population.

Methods

Participants meeting the JNC 7 diagnostic criteria for prehypertension (n = 30,027) and ideal blood pressure (n = 15,614) were enrolled in this prospective, observational cohort. New CV events were collected during follow-up of 38–53 months (mean 47.58 ± 3.19 months). A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze factors influencing CV events.

Results

Four hundred sixty-one CV events occurred during the follow-up period. Cumulative incidence rates for total CV events, cerebral infarct, cerebral hemorrhage, myocardial infarct, and deaths due to CV in the prehypertensive population were 1.19%, 0.57%, 0.20%, 0.23%, and 0.23%, respectively. These rates were higher than those of the ideal blood pressure group (0.67%, 0.27%, 0.12%, 0.17%, and 0.15% respectively). After correcting for traditional CV risk factors, relative risks (RRs) for total CV events, cerebral infarct and cerebral hemorrhages in the prehypertensive population were 1.32 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.06–1.65), 1.55 (95% CI: 1.10–2.18) and 1.40 (95% CI: 0.82–2.37) higher than those in the ideal blood pressure population. Compared to the ideal blood pressure group, the prehypertensive population was older, more likely male, and had higher triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Prehypertension is an independent risk factor for total CV events and stroke.     

Use of Vitamin D Receptor Activator,Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Death in a Cohort of Hemodialysis Patients

The use of vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs) is an independent predictor of a lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined whether the use of VDRAs and other CKD‐mineral bone disorder (MBD)‐related factors are associated with incident CVD or death after CVD in hemodialysis patients. This is a historical cohort study of 37 690 prevalent hemodialysis patients without previous history of CVD at the end of 2004 extracted from a nationwide registry in Japan. The key exposure was the use of VDRAs, and the outcomes were incident CVD (myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and sudden death) and death after CVD during the 1‐year follow‐up. VDRAs were used in 57% of the subjects at baseline. We identified 2433 patients with incident CVD and 397 deaths after the events. In multivariate logistic regression models, independent predictors of incident CVD were non‐use of VDRA, higher intact PTH, non‐use of calcium‐based phosphate‐binder, and non‐use of non‐calcium‐based phosphate binder. Risk of death after CVD was not significantly associated with VDRA, whereas it was lower in those with lower corrected calcium, and the risk was higher in those with higher phosphate and in non‐users of calcium‐based phosphate binders. The use of VDRAs was associated with a lower risk of incident CVD but not with death after CVD in this large cohort of hemodialysis patients. The CKD‐MBD‐related predictors of poor outcomes are associated with the risk of incident CVD, the risk of death after CVD, or both.     

Association Between Pre-hypertension and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies

Background

The quantitative associations between prehypertension or its separate blood pressure (BP) ranges and the risk of main cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have not been reliably documented.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed (1966 to June 2012) and the Cochrane Library (1988 to June 2012) without language restrictions. Prospective studies were included if they reported multivariate-adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of desirable outcomes, including fatal or non-fatal incident stroke, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction (MI) or total CVD events, with respect to prehypertension or its separate BP ranges (low range: 120–129/80–84 mmHg; high range: 130–139/85–89 mmHg) at baseline with normal BP (<120/80 mmHg) as reference. Pooled RRs were estimated using a random-effects model or a fixed-effects model.

Results

Twenty-nine articles met our inclusion criteria, with 1,010,858 participants. Both low-range and high-range prehypertension were associated with a greater risk of developing or dying of total CVD (low-range: RR: 1.24; 95 % CI: 1.10 to 1.39; high range: RR: 1.56; 95 % CI: 1.36 to 1.78), stroke (low-range: RR: 1.35; 95 % CI: 1.10 to 1.66; high-range: RR: 1.95; 95 % CI: 1.69 to 2.24) and myocardial infarction (MI) (low range: RR: 1.43; 95 % CI: 1.10 to 1.86; high range: RR: 1.99; 95 % CI: 1.59 to 2.50). The whole range prehypertension had a 1.44-fold (95 % CI: 1.35 to 1.53), 1.73-fold (95 % CI: 1.61 to 1.85), and 1.79-fold (95 % CI: 1.45 to 2.22) risk of total CVD, stroke, and MI, respectively. There was no evidence of publication bias.

Conclusions

Prehypertensive patients have a greater risk of incident stroke, MI and total CVD events. The impact was markedly different between the low and high prehypertension ranges.     

Elevated Non-high-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) Predicts Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events in Hemodialysis Patients

Summary

Background and objectives

Dialysis patients show “reverse causality” between serum cholesterol and mortality. No previous studies clearly separated the risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the risk of death or fatality after such events. We tested a hypothesis that dyslipidemia increases the risk of incident atherosclerotic CVD and that protein energy wasting (PEW) increases the risk of fatality after CVD events in hemodialysis patients.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This was an observational cohort study in 45,390 hemodialysis patients without previous history of myocardial infarction (MI), cerebral infarction (CI), or cerebral bleeding (CB) at the end of 2003, extracted from a nationwide dialysis registry in Japan. Outcome measures were new onsets of MI, CI, CB, and death in 1 year.

Results

The incidence rates of MI, CI, and CB were 1.43, 2.53, and 1.01 per 100 person-years, and death rates after these events were 0.23, 0.21, and 0.29 per 100 person-years, respectively. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, incident MI was positively associated with non-HDL cholesterol (non–HDL-C) and inversely with HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). Incident CI was positively associated with non–HDL-C, whereas CB was not significantly associated with these lipid parameters. Among the patients who had new MI, CI, and/or CB, death risk was not associated with HDL-C or non–HDL-C, but with higher age, lower body mass index, and higher C-reactive protein levels.

Conclusions

In this hemodialysis cohort, dyslipidemia was associated with increased risk of incident atherosclerotic CVD, and protein energy wasting/inflammation with increased risk of death after CVD events.     

Are Blood Pressure Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Different for Prehypertensives Than for Hypertensives?

BACKGROUND: The ability of diastolic, systolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressures to predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) morality has not been assessed for persons with prehypertension (diastolic pressure 80 to 89 mm Hg or systolic pressure 120 to 139 mm Hg). METHODS: Cox's regression analyses were conducted using 4849 subjects aged 33 to 87 years from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. A correction was made for the regression-dilution bias. RESULTS: There were 327 cardiovascular disease and 258 coronary heart-disease deaths during an average follow-up of 8.6 years. For nonelderly prehypertensives, systolic blood pressure (BP) was a stronger predictor than diastolic BP. The multivariate single predictor hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for CVD mortality were 1.43 (0.65-3.14) and 2.11 (1.28-3.49), for a 10 mm Hg increment diastolic and systolic BP, respectively. For elderly prehypertensives, it was reversed. The equivalent results were 1.53 (1.10-2.13) and 1.25 (0.89-1.60), respectively. For nonelderly hypertensives, diastolic BP was a stronger predictor than systolic BP, and for elderly hypertensives it was reversed. Diastolic and systolic BP provided as much as or more predictive information than pulse and mean arterial pressure in all analyses. CONCLUSIONS: For nonelderly prehypertensives, systolic BP was the strongest predictor, whereas for hypertensives the strongest predictor was diastolic BP. For elderly subjects this pattern was reversed.