格构腹板增强木芯复合材料短柱轴压性能试验与理论分析

格构腹板增强木芯复合材料短柱以玻璃纤维增强复合材料作为面层与格构腹板,以泡桐木作为芯材,采用真空导入工艺制作而成,具有轻质高强、耐腐蚀、延性好等显著优点。对具有不同格构腹板布置形式、纤维增强复合材料壁厚等参数的复合短柱进行轴压试验,研究了其破坏模式和机理。基于弹性分析法计算了短柱试件的极限承载力,计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

双向格构腹板增强泡沫夹层复合材料梁弯曲性能试验

复合材料夹层结构具有比强度高、比刚度高、可设计性强、耐腐蚀等特点,以聚氨酯泡沫为芯材,以玻璃纤维增强复合材料为面板和格构腹板,采用真空导入成型工艺,制备双向格构腹板增强泡沫夹层复合材料梁。对无格构泡沫夹芯复合材料梁,不同腹板高度、腹板间距双向格构增强泡沫夹层复合材料梁进行三点弯曲试验,研究其破坏模式和机理。基于泡沫填充矩形蜂窝芯材的等效十字模型,预估试件的抗弯刚度和挠度,计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

泡桐木夹层结构材料的力学性能

选用泡桐木为原料,制备出夹层结构用泡桐木绿色夹芯材料,其木质纤维具有天然蜂窝形状,结构类似于目前航空航天领域常用的蜂窝芯材;泡桐木芯材除密度略高于Balsa轻木外,其他力学性能测试指标均优于轻木,同时在价格上占有绝对的优势。采用真空导入成型工艺,成功制备出轻质高强的泡桐木夹层复合材料,通过不同跨高比试件的三点与四点弯试验,研究其典型受力破坏形态与机制;利用经典夹层梁理论预估试件抗弯刚度和受弯极限承载力,理论值与实测值符合较好,并以此为基础,提出了基于强度的优化设计方法。     

格构腹板增强泡沫夹芯复合材料准静态压缩吸能试验

复合材料夹层结构具有轻质高强、弯曲刚度大、耐腐蚀、可设计性强、抗冲击、吸能效果好等特点,用玻璃纤维增强复合材料制作面板和格构腹板,以聚氨酯泡沫作为芯材,采用真空导入成型工艺,制备格构腹板增强泡沫夹芯复合材料试件。保持试件的平面尺寸不变,改变腹板间距、腹板高度、腹板铺层数和泡沫密度等参数,对试件进行准静态轴向压缩试验,对比研究其吸能性能。得到以下结论:格构腹板间距和厚度对抗压承载力和吸能性能影响较大,而泡沫芯材的密度影响较小;该新型复合材料的抗压承载力以及吸能性能随着腹板所占的体积比增大而增大,格构腹板对芯材的承载及吸能增强效果显著。     

剪跨比对腹板增强复合材料夹层梁受剪性能影响试验研究

对不同剪跨比(a/d)的纤维腹板增强复合材料夹层梁进行四点弯试验,得到其荷载-位移曲线和典型破坏模式,分析了不同剪跨比和纤维腹板厚度对其受剪机理影响规律。结果表明:剪跨比为1的试件承载力最大;随着剪跨比增加,腹板增强夹层梁极限承载力降低,延性性能降低,比强度降低;当夹层梁剪跨比小于3时,试件发生上面板压陷/芯材剪切破坏,当剪跨比大于3时,试件发生上面板受压屈服破坏;对具有相同剪跨比试件,纤维腹板能显著提高其极限承载力和延性性能,厚度越大,极限承载力提高效果越明显。     

纤维-金属混合夹层梁弯曲性能试验研究

对纤维-金属混合夹层梁(FMS)进行试验,该结构自上而下主要由无碱玻璃纤维、带齿钉金属板、泡桐木、带齿钉金属板、无碱玻璃纤维组成,其中金属板与泡桐木之间采用齿钉相连,金属板与无碱玻璃纤维之间采用不饱和聚酯树脂粘结。通过四点弯曲试验,得到了纤维-金属混合夹层梁(FMS)在不同跨高比下的弯曲性能和破坏模式,并与纤维增强夹层梁(FSS)进行对比,同时根据不同的破坏模式采用不同的理论公式对FMS试件承载力进行验证,结果表明,在跨高比为10、12、16、20、24时,FMS的极限承载力及抗弯刚度均得到了提高,理论求得的承载力值与试验值吻合较好。     

FRP泡沫夹芯管轴压极限承载力试验研究

纤维增强树脂基复合材料泡沫夹芯管在较少提高承压试件重量的前提下较大地提高了承压试件的稳定性。为进一步了解设计参数对复合材料泡沫夹芯管轴压力学性能的影响,对四组复合材料泡沫夹芯管试件进行了轴压静载试验。结果表明,复合材料内外管纤维铺层组合对夹芯管轴压极限承载力及破坏模式有很大影响;不同的纤维铺层组合可使夹芯管的破坏模式由脆性破坏转为延性破坏;聚氨酯泡沫芯层密度在0.15~0.45g/cm3时对夹芯管轴压极限承载力的影响不大,通过试验得到了不同设计参数对复合材料泡沫夹芯管的轴压极限承载力的影响规律。     

芯材密度对复合材料夹层梁弯曲力学性能影响

研究了聚氨酯泡沫密度对复合材料夹层梁弯曲力学性能的影响。首先,对5种不同密度(48~413kg/m3)泡沫芯材复合材料夹层梁进行三点弯试验研究,结果表明,夹层梁极限承载力随芯材密度的增大而增大;当芯材密度大于等于199kg/m3时,继续增大泡沫密度,夹层梁极限承载力增加速度变慢;随着芯材密度的增加,夹层梁破坏模式由芯材压陷变为面板受压屈服破坏。其次,基于考虑芯材竖向压缩变形的高阶剪切变形理论,对不同试验梁弯曲受力机理进行弹性分析,得到夹层梁上、下面板挠度变化及应变分布规律,并与试验结果对比,验证了理论分析方法的正确性。最后,对试验过程中夹层梁典型的破坏模式进行极限承载力分析,提出其极限承载力计算公式,并与试验结果对比,结果吻合良好。     

格构腹板增强泡沫夹芯复合材料梁准静态压陷试验

采用真空导入成型工艺,制备以聚氨酯泡沫为芯材,以玻璃纤维增强复合材料为面板和格构腹板的双向格构腹板增强泡沫夹芯复合材料梁。对普通泡沫夹芯梁和格构腹板增强泡沫夹芯梁进行准静态压陷性能测试并进行对比分析。结果表明:格构腹板增强泡沫夹芯梁相对于普通泡沫夹芯梁,其抗压陷能力得到了显著提升,通过理论推导得出格构腹板增强泡沫夹芯复合材料梁准静态压陷表达式,并且与试验进行对比,结果较吻合。     

隔板方向对泡沫芯复材夹芯梁抗剪性能影响的试验研究

采用真空导入工艺制作了3组不同方向(横向、纵向及双向)的隔板增强泡沫芯复材夹芯梁,对其进行了剪跨比为3的三点弯试验研究,获得了其失效过程及破坏模式,分析了隔板布置方向对该复材夹芯梁受剪力学行为的影响。结果表明:1隔板横向、纵向及双向布置时,夹芯梁的破坏模式分别为上面层弯曲折断、侧面层局部屈曲及上面层剪切破坏;2横向隔板可有效阻止泡沫芯材的斜裂缝扩展,从而提高构件在横向荷载作用下的延性,但不能显著提高夹芯梁的刚度和强度;3隔板纵向布置时,构件的承载力和刚度相比于未增强的普通泡沫芯复材夹芯梁分别提高了1.02倍及5.65倍,但延性仅提高了0.23倍;4双向隔板增强泡沫夹芯梁的力学性能与纵向隔板增强泡沫夹芯梁较为相似,其承载力和刚度均明显高于横向隔板。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。