基于流态化技术硅粉直接氮化制备氮化硅粉

提出了一种基于流态化技术,利用硅粉直接氮化制备氮化硅粉的新工艺。在常温下,以氮气为载气,将硅粉快速流化并夹带离开供料装置,硅粉和氮气组成的气-固两相流进入到预热器中,预热后的混合物从底部进入到高温悬浮床的高温区,以稀相气力输送的方式连续穿过高温悬浮床,在高温常压下发生燃烧合成反应,最后在出口经冷却装置冷却后,由收集装置收集,得到氮化产物。借助SEM、XRD、元素分析和FTIR等方法分析了氮化产物的形貌、物相组成、化学成分以及价键结构。实验结果表明：对于平均粒径为2.7μm的硅粉,在反应温度为1653K, 反应时间为2.7min时,硅的转化率为53.4%,氮化产物为非晶氮化硅粉。通过理论预测,如果将反应温度升高至1723K,硅粉氮化7.1min后,其转化率可达99%。本文提出的方法可连续制备优质氮化硅粉,而且比现有的其他制备方法具有更高的生产效率。     

氮气中C-Si系材料的高温变化过程

以9组不同配料比的炭黑和单质硅为原料压制成试样, 在氮气气氛下,分别于1350,1400,1450,1500,1550℃下烧结,获得5个不同温度点合成样品: 采用XRD分析技术研究试样的物相演变过程, 研究C-Si系原料在氮气气氛合成过程中的物相变化和反应动力学机制.试验结果表明:试样在氮气气氛下合成,最终物相为SiC,α-Si3N4和β-Si3N4,硅含量高时还存在Si2N2O相,石英相和方石英相作为中间产物出现:氮化硅不仅可由单质硅氮化生成,还可由SiO2,Si2N2O与C还原氮化生成,α-Si3N4先于β-Si3N4生成,且温度升高会向β相转化,温度高于1500℃时,Si3N4会与残余的C反应生成SiC:合成温度和配料比是影响C-Si系原料合成产物的重要动力学因素.     

自蔓延法制备Si3N4粉时的氮气压力

探讨了硅粉在普通氮气和高纯氮气中的高温自蔓延合成反应过程,分析了稀释剂、氮气纯度与压力、成型坯体的气孔率等工艺参数对硅粉自蔓延过程的点火、最高燃烧温度及产物特征的影响.从热力学、动力学及Si3N4热分解过程几个方面分析了低氮气压力下燃烧合成Si3N4的可行性.研究结果表明:只要最高燃烧温度不高于相应氮气压力下Si3N4的热分解温度,就可以用SHS方法合成Si3N4;并在氮气压力为0.6～2.6 MPa时.以纯硅粉为起始原料燃烧合成出游离硅含量小于O.5％,β与α相混合,粒度为1～2 μm的Si3N4粉末;低氮气压力下硅粉的自蔓延合成反应,必须要引入Si3N4稀释荆,压坯气孔率控制在0～70％,否则反应不能进行;体系最高燃烧温度随着氮气压力和压坯气孔率的增加而升高;所需的最低氮气压力随硅粉粒度增大而提高;产物形态沿圆柱样径向有差异,由外到里β—Si3N4相明显增加.     

悬浮床氮化硅合成热过程的实验研究与数值模拟

针对基于流态化技术利用硅粉直接氮化合成氮化硅粉的新工艺,建立了悬浮床内热过程的二维数学模型,并借助CFD商业软件FLUENT对悬浮床内热过程进行了数值模拟,分析了氮气速度、粉气比和氮化温度等因素对温度场和硅转化率的影响. 结果表明,模拟计算值与实验值误差小于5%,该模型可以用来预测悬浮床内的热过程. 在本文条件下,当以平均粒径2.7μm的硅粉为原料、氮化温度为1380℃、氮化时间为54.5s时,硅的转化率为22.5%. 模型预测表明,如果将氮化温度升至1450℃、氮化时间延长至7.1min,那么硅转化率可达98.6%,氮化硅纯度达98%以上.     

氮化烧成后硅在刚玉氮化硅材料中的赋存形态

研究了不同温度氮化烧成后,硅在刚玉氮化硅材料中的赋存形态.结果表明:1300℃氮化后,硅的外层包裹着絮状的O'-Sialon;1400℃时,硅颗粒破裂且内部有氮化硅生成;1 500℃时,已没有残留硅保留下来,硅氮化生成了O'-Sialon和氮化硅;1 600℃时,硅氮化完全,其中的杂质相CaO,Fe2O3等富集在一起.     

闪速燃烧合成的Fe-Si3N4中FexSi粒子的形成机理

采用SEM、EDS等手段研究了闪速燃烧合成的氮化硅铁及其原料FeSi75的组成、结构,并结合闪速燃烧合成工艺和热力学分析,揭示氮化硅铁中FexSi粒子的形成机理.结果表明:在以74μm的FeSi75氮化制备氮化硅铁过程中,金属硅和ξ(FeSi2.3)相中部分硅氮化为氮化硅,而氮化硅铁中FexSi粒子则来源于ξ相的氮化;当ξ相被氮化到其中的[Si]摩尔分数降低近25%时,[Si]的活度aSi趋于0,氮化趋于平衡,ξ相中不能被继续氮化的部分即为FexSi粒子,其Fe∶Si原子比例大约为3∶1;FexSi粒子的大小、均匀分布状况与ξ相颗粒粒径大小及分布状况有关.     

硅粉常压直接氮化过程的非催化气固反应模型

以平均粒径2.2μm、纯度99.99%的硅粉为原料,采用纯度99.993%的高纯氮气作为反应气体,在1350和1400℃下进行了氮化时间为10～30 min的氮化实验,得出了不同温度下硅粉转化率随反应时间的变化关系.将硅氮反应看成非催化气固反应,建立了硅颗粒氮化动力学模型.通过对实验数据的拟合,得出两个模型参数:硅氮反应速率常数和氮气在产物层中的扩散系数.假定反应速率常数和扩散系数均满足阿伦尼乌斯公式,求得化学反应激活能和指前因子分别为2.71×104J·mol-1和3.07×10-5m·s-1,扩散激活能和指前因子分别为1.06×105J·mol-1和1.12×10-9m2·s-1.利用本文得出的氮化动力学模型对各温度下不同粒径硅粉的转化曲线进行了预测,预测曲线与文献中的实验数据在趋势上吻合较好.     

燃烧合成氮化硅的动力学分析

用２种方法研究了燃烧合成氮化硅的动力学,Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的燃烧波蔓延速度为０．０９７－０．１３ｃｍ．ｓ＾－１,燃烧区宽度为０．５４ｃｍ,用燃烧波速法测得其激活能为７５．４ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ确定了不同燃烧时间的反应转化率和转化程度,并据此计算出燃烧合成Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的激活能烽５４．３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,２种方法计算的激活能数值相差约３０％,说明燃烧合成氮化硅过程存在明显的后燃烧现象,随稀释剂质量分数的增加,最高燃烧温度降     

硅粉常压直接氮化过程的非催化气固反应模型

以平均粒径2.2μm、纯度99.99%的硅粉为原料,采用纯度99.993%的高纯氮气作为反应气体,在1350和1400℃下进行了氮化时间为10～30 min 的氮化实验,得出了不同温度下硅粉转化率随反应时间的变化关系.将硅氮反应看成非催化气固反应,建立了硅颗粒氮化动力学模型.通过对实验数据的拟合,得出两个模型参数：硅氮反应速率常数和氮气在产物层中的扩散系数.假定反应速率常数和扩散系数均满足阿伦尼乌斯公式,求得化学反应激活能和指前因子分别为2.71×104 J·mol?1和3.07×10?5 m·s?1,扩散激活能和指前因子分别为1.06×105 J·mol?1和1.12×10?9 m2·s?1.利用本文得出的氮化动力学模型对各温度下不同粒径硅粉的转化曲线进行了预测,预测曲线与文献中的实验数据在趋势上吻合较好.     

V_2O_5还原氮化一步法合成氮化钒

在热力学计算的基础上,以五氧化二钒和碳黑为原料并通入氮气一步法合成氮化钒,研究了不同配碳比(即碳黑中的碳质量与V2O5中的氧质量之比)和反应温度对氮化产物的相组成和化学成分的影响。实验结果表明,原料配碳比直接影响氮化产物氮含量,当配碳比增加时氮化产物氮含量会减少;按理论配碳比添加碳黑,可以获得成分合适的氮化产物;随着反应温度的升高,氮化产物碳含量迅速降低,氮含量逐渐增加,反应温度在1300~1500℃范围内时氮化产物的物相组成均为VN.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.