掺钆锌型无机抗菌材料的研究

本实验在制备时将锌离子和稀土元素钆共同掺杂到白炭黑中,利用溶胶-凝胶法得到一种含稀土的新型无机抗菌材料.通过单因素实验得到最佳制备条件为:锌离子浓度0.05 mol·L-1,稀土元素钆浓度0.005 mol·L-1,反应时间1h.在此条件下制备出抗菌白炭黑,并采用XRD、FTIR、抗菌测试等手段进行表征.结果表明产品为无定形态;稀土钆和金属锌的添加并没有明显改变白炭黑原有的结构;且稀土钆离子起到了协同杀菌作用,提高了锌离子的杀菌性能,锌-钆抗菌白炭黑的杀菌率可达90％.     

锌-铕抗菌材料的制备

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备出Zn-Eu抗菌白炭黑,该产品是一种含有稀土Eu3+的新型无机抗菌材料,与只单载Zn2+的抗菌白炭黑相比,该新型无机抗菌材料的抗菌性能更加显著.通过单因素实验探究Zn2+浓度、Eu3+浓度和反应时间对产品杀菌率的影响,得到最佳制备方案:Zn2+浓度为0.8 mol·L-1、Eu3+浓度0.005 mol·L-1、反应时间1 h.最佳条件下制备得到抗菌性能优良的Zn-Eu抗菌白炭黑,并对其进行FTIR、SEM和ICP-OES表征.FTIR结果显示,Zn2+和Eu3+加入后没有明显改变载体白炭黑的基本结构.SEM和ICP-OES分析表明,Zn-Eu抗菌白炭黑粒径较小,分散性较好并且Zn2+和Eu3+均担载在了载体白炭黑上.     

载钕锌型抗菌白炭黑的抗菌性能研究

本研究通过溶胶-凝胶法制备得到一种新型锌-钕抗菌白炭黑,与只担载锌的抗菌白炭黑比较,对大肠杆菌具有更显著的抗菌性能.通过单因素试验分别考察了锌离子浓度、稀土钕离子浓度以及反应时间对锌-钕抗菌白炭黑杀菌率的影响.从而得到了较优制备条件,锌离子浓度为0.6 mol·L-1、稀土钕离子浓度为0.005 mol·L-1、反应时间为2h.通过FTIR、XRD、SEM和EDS对产品进行表征,FTIR分析表明添加锌离子和稀土钕离子后,并没有改变载体白炭黑的基本结构.XRD分析表明锌-钕抗菌白炭黑为无定型态.SEM和EDS分析表明,锌-钕抗菌白炭黑结构蓬松,平均粒径较小,且稀土钕和金属锌均担载在载体白炭黑上.     

掺铒银型无机抗菌材料的制备与研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法制得白炭黑,并在制备时将稀土元素铒和银离子共同掺杂到白炭黑中,得到一种含稀土的新型无机抗菌材料.通过单因素实验得到最佳制备条件为:稀土元素铒浓度0.005 mol·L-,反应温度90℃,反应时间1h.在此条件下利用平板涂布法进行抗菌检测,发现银-铒抗菌白炭黑对大肠杆菌具有很好的杀菌效果,杀菌率达99.38％.采用XRD、FTIR、SEM和EDS等对样品进行表征,结果表明产品为无定形态;稀土铒和金属银的添加并没有明显改变白炭黑原有的结构;实验制备的样品中含有稀土元素铒和金属银,银是附着在载体白炭黑上的,而稀土元素铒则是单独游离在材料中.     

亚微细含镧锌系抗菌白炭黑的制备及性能研究

本研究运用溶胶-凝胶法制备得到镧锌抗菌白炭黑.通过考察反应条件(锌离子浓度,镧离子浓度和反应时间)对镧锌抗菌白炭黑粒径的影响,得到颗粒最细、分散性最好的制备条件.以大肠杆菌为菌种,应用涂布平板法抗菌试验检测产品的抗菌性.结果表明,在锌离子浓度为0.05 mol· L-1、镧离子浓度为0.007 mol·L-1和反应时间为2.0h时,制备得到的产品分散性较好,粒度均一,并且镧锌抗菌白炭黑对大肠杆菌具有较好的抑菌效果,杀菌率可达到90％以上.FTIR分析表明添加抗菌离子和稀土离子后,并没有改变载体白炭黑的结构;通过XRD分析发现镧锌抗菌白炭黑产品为无定型态.     

含稀土铈载铜无机抗菌材料的制备与研究

在水玻璃-碳酸氢钠体系中采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出含稀土元素铈的铜型无机抗菌材料,采用分散性好,比表面积大的白炭黑作为载体,通过控制单因素变量的实验方法得到较佳的制备条件.使用激光粒度分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征样品的粒径、分子基团和结构形态,并通过抗菌实验检测样品的抗菌性能.粒度测定表明,制备条件为反应时间1.5h、铜离子浓度0.05 mol·L-1、铈离子浓度0.005 mol·L-1时,样品分散性较好,粒径较小;FT-IR分析表明添加铜离子和铈离子后,样品的主要特征基团振动频率与纯白炭黑的相似,说明载体白炭黑的原有性质没有发生重大改变;XRD分析表明样品与纯白炭黑结构类似,均为无定形态;抗菌实验表明样品对大肠杆菌具有较佳的抑菌效果,抗菌率可达到98.9％.与传统无机抗菌材料相比,这种无机抗菌材料在一定程度上具有更广的发展前景.     

离子交换法合成非晶态铝硅酸盐抗菌材料研究

合成了以非晶态铝硅酸盐为基体,银离子作为主要抗菌成分的无机抗菌剂粉体。通过改变离子交换反应中溶液的抗菌离子浓度、反应时间等因素,探讨了用离子交换法制备载银非晶态铝硅酸盐抗菌粉体的最佳工艺和条件。利用电子显微镜扫描技术、X射线衍射技术和抗菌性能测试,对非晶态铝硅酸盐及其抗菌材料的结构与性能进行表征与考察。研究表明：非晶态铝硅酸盐粒径较小,粒径分布范围窄,具有良好的离子交换和吸附性能。恒温下载银的离子交换反应,必须严格控制pH值,应注意银离子浓度不宜大于0．3mol／L。同时载入锌离子或铜离子,并不与银离子明显地互相干扰,相反有利于稳定无机抗菌剂中银离子的存在。所合成的抗菌材料样品,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和绿脓杆菌等,均表现出良好的抗菌、抑菌性能。     

锌-铈无机抗菌材料的制备及应用研究

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备获得一种具有抗菌性能的锌-铈抗菌白炭黑。通过单因素试验分别探究了锌离子浓度、稀土铈离子浓度和反应时间对锌-铈抗菌白炭黑抑菌率的影响。从而得到了较佳制备条件,锌离子浓度是0.8 mol·L~(-1)、稀土铈离子浓度是0.005 mol·L~(-1)、反应时间是1.5 h。实验以大肠杆菌为菌种,采用涂布平板法进行抗菌实验。采用SEM、EDS、BET、FTIR和XRD检测手段对产品进行表征。结果表明,锌-铈抗菌白炭黑结构蓬松,平均粒径较小,为无定形态。锌-铈抗菌白炭黑的比表面积为载体白炭黑的两倍多,更有利于作为添加剂加入到制品中。锌和铈离子的加入,载体白炭黑的原本结构并没有发生改变。此外,本研究还将锌-铈抗菌白炭黑添加到陶瓷中,获得了具有抗菌性能的抗菌陶瓷。     

铜型抗菌层状硅酸盐的合成研究

采用液相离子交换法,将抗菌铜离子与钠基蒙脱石合成抗菌层状硅酸盐材料。研究了溶液浓度、pH值及反应时间等对合成抗菌材料中铜离子含量的影响。通过正交试验确定合成铜型抗菌层状硅酸盐的较佳反应条件为:CuCl2溶液的浓度0 1mol·L-1,在自然pH值下反应约1h。实验还测定抗菌层状硅酸盐的抗菌性能:铜型抗菌层状硅酸盐抗大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等细菌性能良好,但抗霉菌性能一般。     

铜型抗菌白炭黑的制备及抗菌性能研究

研究了铜型抗菌白炭黑的制备及抗菌性能。试验采用溶胶-凝胶法制取白炭黑载体。在一定条件下,将具有杀菌性能的Cu^2＋附着在白炭黑载体上,制得含Cu^2＋杀菌活性成份的无机粉体抗菌材料。运用ICP、FTIR和粒度分布仪等手段对材料中抗菌离子含量、抗菌离子与载体的结合方式以及抗菌白炭黑的粒度分布等进行了表征。并利用菌落计数法对材料的抗菌性能进行研究。结果表明,载铜抗菌白炭黑的粒度分布较均一;Cu^2＋是通过离子交换方式结合到白炭黑上的;铜型抗菌白炭黑的杀菌率达98％以上。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.