白牦牛乳软质干酪的加工及其质构特性的研究

以甘肃天祝牧区白牦牛乳为原料制作软质干酪。优化了加工白牦牛乳软质干酪的工艺参数,并测定其保藏期前后的理化指标和质构。结果表明,牦牛乳软质干酪在发酵剂添加量2g/100mL,凝乳温度35℃,凝乳pH5.9,CaCl2添加量0.01g/100mL时,品质最佳,出品率为22.5g/100g;保藏30d后的软质干酪与新鲜干酪相比,其非脂物质水分含量(P0.01)、干物质脂肪含量(P0.01)、胶着性(P0.05)、硬度(P0.01)和咀嚼性(P0.01)均有显著变化。     

不同NaCl添加量对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺产生的影响

以不同盐添加量（1.0%、1.3%、1.8%和2.3%）牦牛乳硬质干酪为研究对象,分析牦牛乳硬质干酪0～6 个月成熟过程中生物胺的动态变化,并对干酪中产胺微生物进行筛选。结果显示：不同盐添加量牦牛乳硬质干酪中生物胺主要为色胺、β-苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺和腐胺,未检测到组胺,生物胺积累阶段主要集中在成熟后期。不同盐添加量干酪中色胺含量最低,且在成熟后期含量差异较小。当盐添加量从2.3%减少到1.0%时,干酪中β-苯乙胺含量减少。盐添加量分别为1.0%和1.3%时,干酪中尸胺含量较低,且未检测出腐胺。当盐添加量在1.8%～2.3%时,随着盐添加量的增加,干酪中尸胺和腐胺含量整体呈现增加趋势。不同盐添加量干酪成熟过程中,其酪胺含量范围为3.13～49.81 mg/kg,且盐添加量为1.3%干酪中酪胺含量较高。不同盐添加量干酪中生物胺总量最高为304.18 mg/kg。采用显色培养基筛选出一株产胺微生物,经分子生物学鉴定为Enterococcus durans。     

发酵剂添加量和成熟时间对牦牛乳硬质干酪脂肪氧化的影响

为研究发酵剂添加量和成熟时间对牦牛乳硬质干酪中脂肪氧化的影响,试验以添加不同发酵剂质量分数(1%、2%、3%)制得的牦牛乳硬质干酪为材料,对其90 d成熟期内的氧化指标和理化指标进行测定。结果表明:发酵剂添加量和成熟时间对牦牛乳硬质干酪的理化指标和脂肪氧化程度均有显著性影响(P <0. 05),且随发酵剂添加量的增加,干酪中酸度值(acidity value,ADV)、过氧化值(peroxide value,POV)、羰基价(carbonyl value,CV)、硫代巴比妥酸值(thiobarbituric acid value,TBA)增加;随成熟时间的延长,ADV、CV、TBA值增加,POV值先增加后降低。发酵剂添加量为3%时,能够显著增大干酪中脂肪的氧化程度(P <0. 05),同时随成熟时间的延长,脂肪氧化持续进行并且氧化程度也在不断加深。该研究将发酵剂添加量和成熟时间相结合,探讨牦牛乳硬质干酪中脂肪氧化的变化规律,以期从脂肪的氧化机制调控干酪的品质,为实现工业化生产提供理论依据。     

固定化酶制作工艺优化及促进牦牛乳硬质乳酪成熟研究

为了研究固定化酶促进牦牛乳硬质乳酪成熟,采用壳聚糖-海藻酸钠固定化中性蛋白酶,通过正交实验优化固定化酶制备工艺,研究影响其稳定性的因素及对促成熟的影响。结果表明,制备固定化酶最佳工艺条件为:海藻酸钠浓度3%、壳聚糖浓度2%、CaCl_2浓度3%、磷酸钠缓冲酶液添加量15 mL,固定化酶相对酶活力最高可达88.04%,且感官评分最高。稳定性研究表明,固定化酶的相对酶活力随着温度、pH、盐浓度和作用时间的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,且相对酶活力大都高于65%。最适温度为44℃,与干酪凝乳温度相当;pH7时,固定化酶活性最高;最适盐浓度为14%;作用时间3 h之内相对酶活力均可达到70%以上。促成熟实验表明:随着成熟时间的延长,干酪中蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,实验组分解速率比对照组快,40 d之后实验组的蛋白质含量开始逐渐低于对照组;而pH4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN含量呈上升趋势,实验组的pH4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN含量高于对照组,实验组40 d左右的pH4.6-SN含量与对照组60 d含量相当,实验组的12%TCA-SN在40 d的含量明显高于对照组80 d含量;在感官评价方面,实验组在40 d达到感官的最大值而对照组在60 d达到最大值,同时实验组的最大值高于对照组。综上所述,通过工艺优化生产的壳聚糖-海藻酸钠固定化中性蛋白酶应用在牦牛乳干酪生产中,能够缩短牦牛乳硬质干酪的成熟时间,达到促成熟效果。     

Edam牦牛干酪工艺优化及成熟过程中微观结构、挥发性风味物质的变化

为开发牦牛乳干酪新品种，以青藏高原牦牛乳为原料，在单因素试验研究基础上，以发酵剂添加量、预酸化pH、浸洗温度、盐渍浓度为试验因素，通过正交试验优化Edam牦牛硬质干酪的发酵工艺，并采用扫描电子显微镜、固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, SPME-GC-MS)分析Edam牦牛硬质干酪成熟期内的微观结构和风味物质变化。实验结果表明，Edam牦牛硬质干酪的最佳工艺为发酵剂添加量0.006%(质量分数)、pH 5.6、浸洗温度45℃、盐渍浓度12%(质量分数);扫描电镜结果表明，随着成熟时间的延长，蛋白质网状结构逐渐分解，脂肪球水解，蛋白体系变得疏松，硬度下降；SPME-GC-MS在Edam牦牛硬质干酪不同成熟期(0、20、40、60、80 d)共检测出75种挥发性风味成分，包括酸、醇、酮、酯、醛及其他类化合物，关键风味物质有丁酸、乙酸、戊酸、己酸、1-丁醇、苯乙醇及2-戊酮。     

冷藏乳制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺含量的变化

目的:揭示冷藏原料乳制作的干酪成熟过程中生物胺含量变化规律,评价其质量安全性。方法:以冷藏24,48,72 h牦牛乳制作的硬质干酪为研究对象,利用高效液相色谱法对干酪成熟过程中生物胺含量进行测定。结果:在0～6个月成熟过程中,不同冷藏牦牛乳制作的硬质干酪中生物胺含量呈升高趋势。牦牛乳冷藏时间从24 h延长到72 h时,其干酪中总生物胺、2-苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺和腐胺含量也依次增大。成熟4个月后,冷藏72 h牦牛乳制作的硬质干酪中各生物胺含量明显高于其余两组干酪。成熟6个月时,冷藏72 h原料乳制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪中生物胺总量和酪胺含量分别为(212.94±8.03),(81.04±3.92) mg/kg。结论:随着原料乳冷藏时间和干酪成熟时间的延长,干酪中生物胺含量增多,但是原料乳冷藏时间低于72 h时,其干酪中生物胺含量低于学者建议含量。     

花生乳干酪加工工艺研究

花生乳干酪是以部分花生乳代替牛乳制成的符合中国人口味的风味干酪。本试验对影响混合乳干酪凝乳效果的主要因素进行了研究,结果表明:当花生乳添加量为20%,发酵酸度为24°T,皱胃酶添加量为0．30%, CaCl2添加量为0．06%时凝乳效果较好。     

脂肪含量对牦牛乳硬质干酪质构、流变和微观结构的影响

通过对不同脂肪含量的牦牛乳硬质干酪功能特性测定,阐明脂肪含量对牦牛乳硬质干酪质构、流变及微观结构的影响。将脱脂和全脂牦牛乳按0∶1、1∶1、2∶1的体积比调配制成全脂、半脱脂和低脂牦牛乳硬质干酪,测其理化指标,利用质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)质构特性,并用SPSS分析脂肪含量对各质构参数的相关性。使用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察干酪微观结构,测其在25～80℃条件下的流变特性,同时对弹性模量和黏弹特性变化趋势拟合回归方程。脂肪含量影响干酪出品率,全脂干酪半脱脂干酪低脂干酪,脂肪含量与水分含量、硬度、弹性和咀嚼性呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.909、-0.851、-0.795和-0.768;与黏聚性呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.898。全脂、半脱脂和低脂干酪中脂肪颗粒面积分别为1 800.20、1 317.59、792.02μm~2,且脂肪分别占总面积的10.0%、7.3%和4.4%。干酪脂肪含量越低,弹性模量越大;干酪脂肪含量越高,黏弹特性越大;干酪脂肪含量与理化特性、质构、微观结构和流变特性关系密切,实验结果为脂肪含量对牦牛乳硬质干酪影响的机制研究提供参考依据。     

酪蛋白降解对牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味的影响

针对牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味缺陷,分别以小牛皱胃酶、微生物凝乳酶和木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪为研究对象,利用尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,研究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白的降解程度,且对成熟过程中的牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味进行感官评价,探究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白降解对其苦味的影响。结果表明：牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间酪蛋白发生了明显的降解,且αs-酪蛋白均比β-酪蛋白降解速率快。经尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,发现木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白在Pre-αs-酪蛋白区域有较强的蛋白带。木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白中αs-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白降解程度均显著或极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值（P＜0.01）,通过主成分分析得出3 种凝乳酶制作牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值和未降解β-酪蛋白和αs-酪蛋白含量成极显著负相关。这为控制牦牛乳硬质干酪品质提供了理论参考。     

促成熟牦牛乳半硬质(切达)干酪成熟特性及挥发性风味物质变化研究

为探究牦牛乳半硬质干酪促成熟特性并确定经促成熟处理后的最佳成熟期,该实验选用经促成熟工艺处理的干酪与未处理干酪进行对比研究成熟期间(20、40、60、80 d)干酪质构与理化性质,并探究促成熟干酪在不同成熟期挥发性风味物质的变化。结果表明,在促成熟条件下牦牛乳半硬质干酪40～60 d硬度、黏性、弹性、凝聚性、咀嚼性变化明显(P<0.05)。理化性质方面水分含量逐渐降低,pH值升高,脂肪含量下降,实验组干酪酸价及过氧化值均上升,且高于对照组,表明促成熟效果好。采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测出促成熟牦牛乳半硬质干酪成熟期间产生66种风味物质,其中主要特征风味物质包括酯类(丁酸丁酯)、酸类(丁酸)、酮类(2-丁酮)、醇类(1-丁醇)。促成熟干酪中酸类、酮类、醇类物质的含量显著增加。综上所述,促成熟干酪在成熟40～60 d质构与营养成分均达较高标准,特征风味物质含量上升,显著缩短成熟时间,为牦牛乳半硬质干酪的快速成熟和市场发展提供了理论依据。     

Effect of some technological parameters on microbiological, chemical and sensory qualities of Civil cheese during ripening

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of different ripening methods [brine salting, dry salting, incorporating with Lor cheese (LR) and vacuum packaging] of Civil cheeses on its microbiological, chemical and sensory properties. Civil cheeses were analysed on the 2nd, 30th, 60th and 90th day of ripening. Chemical compositions of the cheeses were significantly different. While the highest dry matter and titratable acidity values were determined on dry salted cheeses, the highest fat and fat in dry matter contents were found in Civil cheese ripened together with LR. The water-soluble nitrogen and ripening index values were lower in cheese ripened incorporating with LR. Excessive proteolysis was not seen in any of cheese samples. The ripening in different methods affected microbiological and sensory properties of Civil cheese. Panellists preferred vacuum packaging and dry-salting cheeses compared to the other samples on the 90th day of ripening.     

THE FORMATION OF HISTAMINE IN HERBY CHEESE DURING RIPENING

The purpose of this study is to observe the formation of histamine throughout the period of ripening in herby cheese. Herby cheese samples were made from raw milk and buried in soil where they mature in 3 months. Samples were taken on the first, seventh, 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th days of ripening. The moistness, content pH, salt and (total aerobic mesophile bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, coliform bacteria and yeasts and mold) changes were observed. The concentration of histamine are 2.19 mg/100 g on the first day of ripening. It gradually increased and reached 4.62 mg/100 g on the 90th day. Consequently, the histamine that was observed in herby cheese during the ripening appears to be not important for public health.     

Formation of biogenic amines in raw milk Hispánico cheese manufactured with proteinases and different levels of starter culture

Two proteinases, a neutral proteinase from Bacillus subtilis and a cysteine proteinase from Micrococcus sp., were used to accelerate the ripening process of raw cow's milk Hispánico cheese, a semihard variety. Two levels (0.1% and 1%) of a commercial starter culture containing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris were added for cheese manufacture. The influence of both factors, proteinase addition and level of starter culture, on the growth of amino acid-decarboxylating microorganisms and on the formation of biogenic amines during cheese ripening was investigated in duplicate experiments. The population of tyrosine decarboxylase-positive bacteria, which represented less than 1% of the total bacterial population in most cheese samples, and tyrosine decarboxylase-positive lactobacilli was not influenced by proteinase addition or level of starter culture. Tyramine was detected in all batches of cheese from day 30. Its concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by proteinase addition but not by the level of starter culture and increased with cheese age. After 90 days of ripening, 103 to 191 mg/kg of tyramine was found in the different cheese batches. Histamine was not detected until day 60 in cheese with neutral proteinase and 1% starter culture and until day 90 in the rest of the cheeses. The concentration of this amine did not exceed 20 mg/kg in any of the batches investigated. Phenylethylamine and tryptamine were not found in any of the samples.     

相对湿度对牦牛毛霉霉菌奶酪成熟过程中品质的影响

为研究不同相对湿度对牦牛霉菌奶酪成熟过程中品质的影响,并确定其在成熟过程中的最佳相对湿度和成熟时间,本实验以牦牛霉菌奶酪为试验材料,将其分别置于相对湿度为30%、50%、70%条件下成熟,测定其在成熟过程中感官品质、质构、pH、营养成分、蛋白质和脂肪分解指标以及挥发性风味物质的变化。结果表明:相对湿度为50%,成熟6 d时,奶酪的感官评分最高且质构较佳。随着成熟时间的延长,三个实验组的水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量呈下降趋势,灰分逐渐上升;pH呈先下降后保持不变或上升。除成熟第0和8 d外,在同一成熟时间点,相对湿度为30%的水分含量均显著低于其他两组(P<0.05);灰分、蛋白质和脂肪含量变化不明显;相对湿度为50%的pH下降速度最快。pH4.6醋酸盐缓冲液可溶性氮含量、12%三氯乙酸可溶性氮含量、酸价和硫代巴比妥酸值均在奶酪成熟过程中不断升高,且相对湿度为50%时值最高。对牦牛毛霉霉菌奶酪挥发性风味物质检测发现,相对湿度为50%,成熟第6 d时,奶酪的风味物质含量较高。因此,牦牛霉菌奶酪在相对湿度为50%,成熟6 d时,其品质最佳。     

Manufacture and quality of UF Ras cheese

Ras cheese was made by means of the traditional method from cow's milk and milk concentrated by ultrafiltration to concentration factors 2 and 5, and from diafiltered x5 retentate. The fresh cheese yield was determined and cheese was ripened for 3 months, changes in moisture, fat, nitrogen fractions, pH, acidity and ripening indices were followed periodically during the ripening period. The organoleptic properties of the cheese were also assessed. UF Milk retentate gave higher cheese yield depending on concentration factor. UF Ras cheese from high concentrated retentate was characterized by slow protein degradation, flavour development and hard texture. The composition and properties of UF Ras cheese from x2 retentate were close to that of traditional Ras cheese.     

Diacetyl and Acetaldehyde Concentrations During Ripening of Kefalotyri Cheese

Diacetyl and acetaldehyde were determined during ripening of Kefalotyri cheese produced using two different lactic cultures (A: Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus casei, SI cheese, B: Streptococcus thermophilus + Streptococcus diacetylactis + Streptococcus durans, S2 cheese). Diacetyl increased until the 60th day of ripening (2.49 and 1.62 ppm for S1 and S2 cheese, respectively) and until then was found in higher concentration in trials compared with control (0.91 ppm at 60 days). The possible contribution of lactic acid bacteria, pH and acidity of these cheese on diacetyl during ripening was discussed. Acetaldehyde was detected only until the 15th day of ripening (0.17, 0.20 and 0.08 ppm for control, S1 and S2 cheese, respectively).     

发酵剂用量对硬质蒙古干酪风味变化的影响

以不同发酵剂使用量制作了一种硬质蒙古干酪,对干酪成熟过程中的风味变化和微生物多样性进行了研究。当发酵剂使用量为1.0 g/L原料乳时,挥发性风味化合物的组分更为丰富,风味更加均匀适中,具有更好的风味体验。在干酪成熟早期,嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌生长趋势相同,但到中后期,嗜热链球菌生长速度趋缓,而保加利亚乳杆菌生长速度相对较快。     

Effects of catechin on the phenolic content and antioxidant properties of low‐fat cheese

The effect of (+)‐catechin on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties in low‐fat hard cheese were examined over a 90‐day ripening period at 8 °C. Antioxidant activity (AA) in cheese was measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assays and compared with TPC. Catechin retention coefficients in cheese curds were in the range of 0.63–0.75 and decreased the pH of cheese without affecting protein, fat or moisture content. Both TPC and AA increased during the 90‐day ripening period. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity was the most suitable technique for evaluating AA in cheese due to the high correlation with TPC and suitability in both lipophilic and hydrophilic systems.     

The effect of ovine and bovine milk on the textural properties of Lighvan cheese during ripening

The effect of milk origin on the physicochemical characteristics, microstructure and texture of Lighvan cheese was investigated over a 90‐day ripening period. Besides fat, other physicochemical properties of Lighvan cheese were affected by milk type. The moisture content of Lighvan cheese decreased when half or all the ovine milk was substituted with bovine milk. The Lighvan cheese's microstructural properties and porosity were affected by type of milk and ripening time. Compaction of cheeses manufactured from ovine and mixed ovine and bovine milk is similar, and more than that of bovine Lighvan cheese. Ovine Lighvan cheese is harder and less brittle than bovine and mixed bovine and ovine.     

非发酵剂乳酸菌A-3和D-3对半硬质山羊奶干酪成熟的影响

目的获得加速半硬质山羊奶干酪成熟的非发酵剂乳酸菌菌株(non-starterlacticacidbacteria,NSLAB)。方法以前期分离自地中海地区山羊奶干酪中的2株优良NSLAB菌株为研究对象,测定其对干酪成熟过程中组成成分、微生物菌群、蛋白质水解和质构的影响。结果添加NSLAB菌株对干酪组成成分没有显著影响, NSLAB菌株没有影响乳球菌生长,在干酪成熟期间pH 4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN逐渐增加,且添加NSLAB的干酪在成熟30 d后显著增加了pH 4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN含量, 5%PTASN/TN的增加主要是由于乳酸菌中肽酶作用的结果, SDS-PAGE电泳结果说明添加NSLAB菌株的干酪中小分子多肽含量明显比对照干酪多,RP-HPLC分析得出干酪水溶性中肽的数量随着成熟时间增加。添加NSLAB菌株A-3没有改变干酪的硬度,使干酪的弹性增加。结论添加菌株A-3作为NSLAB的干酪样品中微生物自溶率高,蛋白水解程度强,质构性能良好,具有加速干酪成熟的潜力,是山羊奶干酪工业化生产的优良NSLAB。