黑龙江省主栽小米淀粉特性分析

为研究黑龙江省主栽小米淀粉的特性,利用冰箱反复冻融法、紫外分光光度等方法,对6种小米淀粉的功能性质进行了测定及分析。结果表明:吨谷1号淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度和透明度最高,分别为10.36%±0.06%、18.24%±0.27%和3.58±0.23。朝新谷8号淀粉的凝沉性最高,冻融稳定性最差。直链淀粉含量与溶解度、膨胀度、冻融稳定性和透明度呈负相关;与凝沉性呈正相关。支链淀粉含量与溶解度、膨胀度和凝沉性呈正相关,与冻融稳定性呈负相关。淀粉的支直比与溶解度、膨胀度、冻融稳定性和透明度呈正相关,与凝沉性呈负相关。本研究为小米及其淀粉的深加工利用提供参考。     

马铃薯淀粉的物化性质研究

研究马铃薯淀粉的组成、颗粒形貌、粒径大小及溶解度与膨润力、透明度、凝沉性、糊化方面的性质,并与绿豆、玉米淀粉进行比较.结果表明,马铃薯淀粉的蛋白质含量为0.27%, 直链淀粉含量为20.4%,颗粒为椭圆形,平均粒径为40 μm;马铃薯淀粉的溶解度与膨润力较高;马铃薯淀粉的透明度为66.8%,凝沉性高于豆类淀粉,峰值黏度为2 000 BU.     

速食小米粉膨化特性研究

选取6种不同直链淀粉含量的小米作为研究对象,采用气流膨化技术对小米进行膨化,并将膨化小米粉碎后制作速食小米粉。对不同品种小米的膨化度、速食小米粉的糊化特性和消化性进行测定,并将小米淀粉特性与小米膨化特性和速食小米粉消化性进行相关性分析,结果表明：济12、济13、保18的膨化度较高,其中膨化度与回生黏度呈显著正相关（r=0．862）;市2、复1速食粉RDS含量高,与淀粉中直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关;市1、济13速食粉SDS含量高,且与淀粉中直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关,而RS含量与淀粉特性无显著相关性。     

不同品种小米淀粉理化性质的比较研究

以碱法提取的10种小米淀粉为原料,通过与玉米和马铃薯淀粉对比,对其理化性质进行研究,旨在为小米及其淀粉的深加工利用提供参考。结果表明,小米淀粉的直链淀粉含量在19．77％-35．69％之间,品种之间存在显著性差异;溶解度显著低于马铃薯及玉米淀粉,其中九谷11号的溶解度最高;膨胀度在12．43％-18．77％之间,介于马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉之间;透明度显著低于马铃薯淀粉,品种之间存在显著性差异;冻融稳定性显著优于玉米淀粉,比马铃薯淀粉差;凝沉性试验表明其稳定性显著优于玉米淀粉。     

脚板薯淀粉理化特性研究

采用碱法工艺提取脚板薯淀粉,并对其组成、透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、持水性、溶解度、膨胀度、糊化和黏度特性等理化性质进行了分析。结果表明:脚板薯直链淀粉含量为27.05%,淀粉透明度、凝沉性、持水力、热稳定性较好,但冻融稳定性差,不易糊化,脚板薯淀粉的溶解力和膨润力随着温度的升高而增大,与水之间的相互作用较强。     

六种处理方式对慈姑淀粉理化性质的影响

为了提高慈姑淀粉的利用率，采用微波、苹果酸、盐酸、三偏磷酸钠、α-淀粉酶、乙酸酐6种不同改性方法对慈姑淀粉进行改性，并对改性后淀粉的理化特性进行了分析。结果表明：与原淀粉相比，6种处理后的慈姑淀粉均属于A型晶体结构；微波处理后的慈姑淀粉颗粒抱团成为较大颗粒，直链淀粉的相对含量增加，透明度、析水率、溶解度和膨胀度均低于原淀粉；苹果酸处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒破碎明显，透明度及膨润度降低，溶解度和直链淀粉相对含量升高；盐酸处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒出现凹坑和空洞，直链淀粉相对含量增加，凝沉性、析水率及糊化峰值温度提高，淀粉中有基团—Cl接入；三偏磷酸钠处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒出现裂纹，透明度、溶解度及膨润度降低，其糊化特性温度和焓值升高，羟基发生缔合明显；α-淀粉酶处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒表面粗糙，出现大量的凹陷，凝沉性和透明度升高，直链淀粉的相对含量降低，1 047/1 022的比值比原淀粉大，其结构更加短程有序；乙酸酐处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒表面部分出现孔洞，晶型结构没有发生改变，直链淀粉相对含量、溶解度和透明度升高，膨润度降低。综上，不同的处理方法对慈姑淀粉的理化性质影响不同，根据应用需求，可选择对应特性的改性慈姑淀...     

高粱淀粉-多酚复合物与高粱淀粉的理化性质比较分析

为探究高粱中内源性多酚对高粱淀粉理化性质的影响,分别对高粱淀粉-多酚复合物与高粱淀粉进行理化性质（溶解度、膨润力、凝沉性、冻融稳定性、黏度特性和热力学特性）研究。结果表明高粱淀粉-多酚复合物溶解度较高粱淀粉溶解度高0.37%～5.25%,而膨润力、析水率和凝沉性均低于高粱淀粉,分别下降0.14%～1.63%、1.18%和13%～27%;与高粱淀粉的糊化相比,高粱淀粉-多酚复合物峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和回生值分别下降128 、73 、97 和24 cP,高粱淀粉-多酚复合物成糊温度较低。高粱淀粉-多酚复合物与高粱淀粉理化性质存在差异,说明高粱中内源性多酚对高粱淀粉的理化性质具有一定的影响。     

菱角淀粉与绿豆淀粉的糊化及老化性质共性与区别

通过快速黏度测定仪、差示扫描量热仪等仪器,对菱角淀粉和绿豆淀粉的糊化以及老化性质进行一系列的研究比较并分析其对粉丝品质的影响;主要通过测定淀粉直链淀粉含量、溶解度和膨润力、淀粉糊黏度性质、存放过程中的淀粉糊浊度和凝沉性变化以及热力学特性,综合分析得知,菱角淀粉直链淀粉含量以及回生能力大于绿豆淀粉,菱角淀粉糊的冷热稳定性较差,糊的黏度远小于绿豆淀粉。     

燕麦淀粉与常见淀粉的性质对比研究

以常见市售淀粉(小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、土豆淀粉)为参比,研究了燕麦淀粉的透明度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性、溶解度、膨润力和糊化特性.结果表明:燕麦淀粉的透明度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性比小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉和土豆淀粉都要差.燕麦淀粉的溶解度在4种淀粉中是最高的,而膨润力是最低的.燕麦淀粉的糊化特性与小麦淀粉较接近.     

山西不同品种谷子淀粉的理化特性研究

从谷子主产区山西省选取8个具有代表性的谷子栽培品种作为供试材料,分析研究了其淀粉的颗粒形态及粒径大小、直链淀粉含量、碘蓝值与淀粉糊的透光率、冻融稳定性、糊化特性、溶解度与膨胀度及凝沉特性等理化性状。结果表明：小米淀粉颗粒均为单粒,外形规整,多数为多角形,少数为卵圆形,具有清晰可见的偏光十字,不同品种间淀粉颗粒形态差异明显。小米淀粉小颗粒的粒径为0.42~2.25 μm,大颗粒的粒径为3.42~29.26 μm,小米淀粉的粒径分布特征呈现出“三峰”型。8个品种的直链淀粉含量变幅为2.22~17.96%,碘蓝值变幅为0.586~0.872,透光率变幅为2.4~29.2%,析水率变幅为3.67~49.85%,糊化温度变幅为67.6~78.8 ℃,各品种间具有显著差异。此外,各品种淀粉的糊化特性、溶解度、膨胀势及淀粉糊的凝沉特性也有着明显的差异。因此,应根据不同的加工目的采用相适宜的品种。     

夏谷区主栽谷子品种淀粉理化特性研究

从夏谷区主栽品种中选取9个谷子品种作为供试材料,对其淀粉的颗粒形态及大小、化学组成、碘蓝值、透光率、冻融稳定性、糊化特性、溶解度与膨胀势及凝沉特性等理化性质进行系统研究。结果表明：小米淀粉颗粒均为单粒,由0.48～2.25μm与3.50～29.32μm两种不同粒径范围的颗粒组成,多呈多角形,少数呈卵圆形,具有清晰可见的偏光十字,品种间淀粉颗粒形态差异明显。直链淀粉含量为2.91%～15.80%,碘蓝值为0.601～0.809,透光率为4.4%～22.3%,析水率为0.77%～62.23%,品种间差异显著。不同品种小米淀粉的糊化特性、溶解度与膨胀势及淀粉糊的凝沉特性也有着明显的差异。因此,可根据不同的加工目的选择不同的谷子品种。     

Structural and Physical Properties of Starches Isolated from Six Varieties of Millet Grown in China

This study investigated the structural and physical properties of starches extracted from six varieties of millet mainly grown in China. The amylose content of millet starches ranged from 17.6 to 28.4 g/100 g (dry weight basis, db), and a variety of waxy proso millet starch (0.38 g/100 g, db) was identified. These starches exhibited a majority of large polygonal granules with several indentations, few small spherical granules, and A-type crystallinity. Proso millet starch showed prominent paste clarity and freeze-thaw stability, whereas finger millet starch exhibited the highest solubility. Moreover, barnyard millet starch had the lowest sediment volume. The gelatinization enthalpy of proso millet starch was the highest (5.16 J/g). For non-waxy millet starch, the ratio of retrogradation (R%) was positively correlated with amylose content. Among all starches, the storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G″) during heating and cooling. The G′ and G″ of proso millet starch and barnyard millet starch pastes were significantly lower than other starches during cooling. The pasting properties of six millet starches significantly differed, had positive correlation with amylose content, and were affected by NaCl, sucrose, and pH values.     

我国不同地区特色品种小米淀粉性质

选取10 个不同地区、品种的特色小米作为研究对象,采用0.2 g/100 mL的NaOH溶液与1 g/100 mL的十二烷基硫酸钠溶液复合法提取小米淀粉,并对其基本成分、颗粒形态、黏度、透光率、溶解度和膨胀度等进行研究。结果表明：小米淀粉的直链淀粉含量为12.10%,平均粒径为6.49 μm,糊化温度为68.9～72.3 ℃。不同地区、品种的小米淀粉的直链淀粉、溶解度、峰值黏度、崩解值和老化值存在较大差异。     

Properties of Korean Amaranth Starch Compared to Waxy Millet and Waxy Sorghum Starches

Characteristics of waxy type starches isolated from amaranth, waxy millet and waxy sorghum harvested in Korea were evaluated. Shapes of all starch granules were polygonal or slightly round and the surfaces of waxy millet and waxy sorghum starch granules showed visible pores. Amylose contents of the three starches were between 3.2–6.0% and amaranth starch showed the highest water binding capacity (WBC) (130.7%). The swelling power and solubility of amaranth starch studied at 65.0–95.0°C increased about 13.7‐ and 14.0‐fold, respectively, with increase in temperature. Swelling power of waxy sorghum starch was the highest (72.6 at 95°C) among the starches studied, while amaranth starch had a constant swelling power and its rate of solubility increasely only slowly at temperatures higher than 75°C. From RVA data, initial pasting temperatures of amaranth, waxy sorghum and waxy millet starches were 75.7, 73.3 and 75.2°C, respectively. Peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback from trough of amaranth starch were 68.3, 16.7 and 7.5 RVU, respectively, which were the lowest values among the starches investigated. Using DSC, onset temperature of gelatinization of amaranth starch was 1.5–4.0°C higher than those of waxy sorghum and millet starches, corresponding to the RVA result. The enthalpies of gelatinization of the starches studied in our laboratory were in the range of 8.5–12.7 J/g with decreasing order of waxy sorghum > amaranth > waxy millet starch.     

不同品种绿豆淀粉的功能特性比较研究

以9个品种绿豆淀粉为研究对象,研究了绿豆淀粉的化学组成及糊化特性、溶解度、膨胀度和冻融稳定性等功能特性,并分析了直链淀粉含量与功能特性的相关性。结果表明,不同品种绿豆淀粉直链淀粉含量不同,其分布范围为33.10%~44.08%;不同品种淀粉糊化特性参数间有明显差异;潍绿4号和中绿1号绿豆淀粉峰值粘度显著高于其他品种(p0.05),安绿8号具有最低破损值(p0.05),毛绿豆和安绿092具有较低的回生值。绿豆淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度与温度有关,均随温度的增加而增大。不同品种绿豆淀粉糊经一次冻融后析水率均较高,随冻融循环次数的增加,析水率均逐渐增大。相关性分析表明,直链淀粉含量与淀粉糊的最终粘度和回生值之间存在显著正相关(r=0.674,r=0.725;p0.05),与膨胀度之间具有极显著负相关关系(r=-0.805,p0.01)。     

糜黍淀粉理化性质及消化特性

以黍子面和糜子面为原料,用碱法制备黍子淀粉和糜子淀粉,对其颗粒形态、红外光谱特性、透光率、溶解度、持水力、凝沉稳定性以及消化性等性质进行研究。结果表明：黍子淀粉中支链淀粉含量为91.78%,直链淀粉含量为8.21%;糜子淀粉中支链淀粉含量为65.28%,直链淀粉含量为34.72%。糜子面粉、黍子面粉及其淀粉中的抗性淀粉含量均超过50%,糜子面和糜子淀粉中的抗性淀粉含量均分别高于黍子面和黍子淀粉。黍子淀粉的透光率高于糜子淀粉。糜子淀粉凝沉稳定性强于黍子淀粉。糜子淀粉和黍子淀粉的溶解度、持水力随温度的升高,呈现上升趋势。     

Physicochemical characterization of sweet potato starches popularly used in Chinese starch industry

Physicochemical properties of starches isolated from 11 sweet potato cultivars popularly used in Chinese starch industry were studied. Moisture, protein, ash, lipid and phosphorus content of the starches varied from 3.86 to 6.52%, 0.28 to 0.75%, 0.10 to 0.47% and 0.00 to 0.02%, respectively. Amylose content varied between 13.33 and 26.83%. The starches differed in their mean granule sizes, particle size distribution, and susceptibility to pancreatin hydrolysis. Swelling power and solubility ranged from 13.46 to 26.13 g/g and 8.56 to 18.77%, respectively. Higher retrogradation tendency was observed in pastes of starches of high amylose content. Gelatinization temperature and enthalpy ranged from 55.54 to 69.11 °C and 6.40 to 11.89 J/g, respectively. Pasting properties including peak viscosity (134–255 BU), breakdown viscosity (91–162 BU), setback viscosity (26–112 BU), peak time (5.97–7.03 min) and pasting temperature (67.20–73.00 °C) varied significantly among the sweet potato starches. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that phosphorus content of the starches had substantial effect on their swelling power (r = 0.70, p ≤ 0.05) showing positive correlations. There was significant positive correlation between swelling power and solubility of the starches (r = 0.64, p ≤ 0.05). Thermal and pasting parameters also showed significant correlations.     

Physicochemical Properties of Starch and Flour from Different Rice Cultivars

The starches and flours from four different rice cultivars were evaluated for composition, crystallinity characteristics, blue value, turbidity, swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, and textural and retrogradation properties. The amylose content of starches and flours from different rice cultivars differed significantly. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of rice starch and rice flour were correlated to amylose content. The crystallinity degree of rice starch and flour depended on amylose content. The blue value, turbidity value, and gel hardness were positively correlated to amylose content; however, the swelling power, solubility, and gel adhesiveness were negatively correlated to amylose content. Furthermore, the pasting properties and gel textural and retrogradation properties of rice flours were related to the structure properties of rice starch. And the characteristics of starch, protein, and lipid significantly influenced the turbidity, pasting properties, and gel textural and retrogradation properties of rice flours.