芳纶浆粕增强丁腈橡胶复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

利用开炼机制备了丁腈橡胶(NBR)/芳纶浆粕(PPTA-pulp)复合材料。研究了在干摩擦和水润滑条件下,纤维含量、摩擦时间以及载荷对NBR/PPTA-pulp复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析了磨损机理。结果表明,芳纶浆粕的加入能够很好地改善复合材料的力学性能和摩擦磨损性能,在相同条件下,当纤维质量分数为20%时,复合材料的综合性能最佳;在干摩擦条件下,随着摩擦时间延长,复合材料的摩擦系数下降,磨耗量增大;随着载荷增加,摩擦系数和磨耗量增大;水润滑条件下,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨耗量较干摩擦大幅度降低且比较稳定,时间和载荷对其影响很小;干摩擦时,复合材料的磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损;水润滑时,主要为轻微磨粒磨损。     

PTFE/纳米SiC复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用冷压烧结法制备了不同含量的聚四氟乙烯/纳米碳化硅(PTFE/纳米SiC)复合材料。采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机在干摩擦条件下考察了纳米SiC含量及载荷对PTFE/纳米SiC复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,借助于扫描电子显微镜观察分析了试样磨损表面形貌,并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明,纳米SiC能够提高PTFE/纳米SiC复合材料的硬度和耐磨性,当纳米SiC质量分数为7%时,PTFE/纳米SiC复合材料的磨损量最小,摩擦系数也最小;随纳米SiC含量的增加,其摩擦系数有所增大;随着载荷的增大,PTFE/纳米SiC复合材料的磨损量增加。     

玻璃纤维增强PEEK复合材料的高速干摩擦性能

利用球盘式摩擦磨损试验机对质量分数为30%的短切玻璃纤维增强聚醚醚酮(PEEK/GF)复合材料进行室温高速条件下干滑动磨损实验,考察了载荷及频率对材料摩擦系数及磨损量的影响,并对摩擦前后的微观形貌及热性能进行了分析。结果表明,随着载荷和频率的增加,PEEK/GF复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损量逐渐增大并趋于稳定;微观结构分析显示GF与PEEK两相结合紧密,磨损方式主要以犁沟为主,GF的加入阻断了PEEK从PEEK/GF复合材料磨损表面剥落,使PEEK磨屑在GF周围积聚,摩擦表面产生的热量使PEEK收缩团聚在一起;PEEK/GF复合材料的热分解温度比纯PEEK提高了75℃。     

聚丙烯腈纤维/MC尼龙6原位复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

本文利用己内酰胺的阴离子原位聚合方法制备了聚丙烯腈纤维/MC尼龙6原位复合材料。对复合材料的摩擦磨损性能进行了测试,通过DSC、SEM等测试手段对复合材料的摩擦磨损机理进行探讨。结果表明原位复合材料的磨损机理是以磨粒磨损为主,同时还有粘着磨损和疲劳磨损。摩擦温度是摩擦系数大小的影响因素。原位复合材料的摩擦系数随载荷的增加而减小,磨损量随着载荷的增加而增加。在低载荷条件下,原位复合材料的摩擦系数大于MC尼龙6,当载荷增加时,聚合物表面软化熔融,起到了润滑作用使得复合材料的摩擦系数下降。     

PTFE/BaSO4复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

用M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机研究了干摩擦条件下BaSO4用量，载荷，对磨时间对聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。在本实验条件下，PTFE/BaSO4复合材料的摩擦系灵敏随着BaSO4含量的增加而增大，抗磨损能力则有一个最佳含量；随着载荷的增加，材料的摩擦系数，磨损量和磨痕宽度也随之增大，磨损量随着对磨时间的延长而波动变小并趋于稳定。     

陶瓷颗粒填充聚丙烯复合材料的摩擦性能研究

用熔融共混法制备了陶瓷颗粒增强无规共聚聚丙烯复合材料,测试了复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：在干摩擦条件下,陶瓷颗粒/聚丙烯复合材料的磨损量明显降低,继续增加填充量,磨损量变化较小并略有增大,当陶瓷颗粒含量为15%时,磨损量达到最小。复合材料的摩擦因数随着陶瓷颗粒含量的增加而增大。     

MC尼龙6/聚砜原位复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

采用阴离子聚合法制备了MC尼龙6(MCPA6)/聚砜(PSU)原位复合材料,研究了不同PSU含量对MCPA6/PSU原位复合材料的摩擦磨损性能的影响以及在高pv值下复合材料的磨损性能。结果表明,当PSU含量为2%时,MCPA6主要以粘着磨损为主,PSU能够起到很好的支撑作用,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损达到最小,为纯MCPA6的68.6%,当PSU含量超过2%时,复合材料的耐摩擦性能下降,磨损机理主要表现为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损;在高pv值下,复合材料的性能比纯MCPA6有所下降,这主要是由于磨损机理发生了变化。     

不同载荷条件下浸银石墨材料水润滑摩擦磨损性能研究

采用环-块式摩擦磨损实验机,研究了水润滑条件下不同载荷和滑动时间对浸银石墨材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用表面轮廓仪和扫描电子显微镜对浸银石墨材料在磨合阶段和稳定磨损阶段的磨损行为进行分析和探讨。结果表明:滑动时间1 h内为磨合阶段,随载荷增加浸银石墨在水润滑条件下的摩擦系数降低,比磨损率增大。滑动时间5 h达到了稳定磨损阶段,高载荷导致浸银石墨在水润滑条件下的摩擦系数和比磨损率降低。在浸银石墨的稳定磨损阶段,500 N载荷下的摩擦系数最低,为0.038,700 N载荷下的比磨损率最低,为2.26×10^(-7)mm^(3)/Nm。高载荷条件下,浸银石墨在磨合阶段和稳定磨损阶段展现出相似的磨损机制,浸银石墨表面石墨区域发生较大磨损,增强的银颗粒支撑了水润滑界面间的载荷作用,边界润滑状态的局部流体润滑作用和小尺寸磨屑的自润滑作用,降低了浸银石墨材料的摩擦系数和比磨损率。     

电梯工况下纳米Al2O3对PA6耐磨损性能的影响

以聚酰胺6(PA6)为电梯靴衬材料,制备了PA6/纳米Al2O3复合材料。在电梯工况下研究纳米Al2O3含量对复合材料磨损性能的影响,并探讨纳米Al2O3对PA6的作用机理。结果表明,在电梯工况下随着试验时间的延长,PA6/纳米Al2O3复合材料摩擦因数经历了先急剧增大后迅速减小再平缓的变化过程;随着纳米Al2O3含量的增加,复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损量表现为先减小后增加的变化;当纳米Al2O3含量为4%时,其减摩耐磨效果最为显著,对应的摩擦因数和磨损量分别比纯PA6降低23.5%和84.3%;复合材料的磨损行为与纳米Al2O3含量有关,纯PA6磨损形式主要是磨粒磨损和黏着磨损并存,随着纳米Al2O3含量的增加,复合材料经历了磨粒磨损先增强后减弱和黏着磨损先减弱后增强的变化过程。     

不同工艺条件下PEEK/CF复合材料摩擦磨损特性

以碳纤维(CF)为增强相,制备了在不同处理工艺下的聚醚醚酮(PEEK)/CF复合材料,采用摩擦磨损试验机对复合材料的摩擦学性能进行测试并通过三维形貌仪以及扫描电子显微镜分析磨痕微观形貌。研究结果表明,CF的添加会增加PEEK/CF复合材料的摩擦系数,而且随着CF含量的增加,摩擦系数也逐渐增加;但PEEK/CF复合材料的磨损量会随着CF含量的增加,呈现出先减小后增加的趋势。不经过热处理时,CF质量分数在20%时,磨损量从CF质量分数为0%的2.9×10~(–7) mm~3/(N·m)降至1.8×10~(–7) mm~3/(N·m),当CF质量分数为40%时,磨损量急剧增大。经过热处理后,PEEK/CF复合材料的耐磨性有所提升,当CF的质量分数为20%时,磨损量为1.2×10~(–7) mm~3/(N·m),相较于未热处理的复合材料,磨损量减少了35.4%。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.