深圳一次冷锋前高压脊影响下重度霾污染过程的数值模拟

利用WRF-Chem模式,模拟了2014年1月3—4日深圳市发生的一次冷锋前大陆高压脊影响下的重度霾污染天气过程的发生、发展及消散各阶段的温度场、风场、大气边界层以及污染物的三维结构特征,分析了PM_(2.5)时空变化特征及与气象环境场的关系,结果表明:(1)模式对该次重霾污染天气过程PM_(2.5)模拟值与实测值的相关性较好,能够较好地再现该次霾过程的污染物质量浓度场特征,但PM_(2.5)质量浓度整体略偏大;(2)PM_(2.5)质量浓度模拟结果表明,高质量浓度位于深圳中西部地区,中西部污染较东部严重,PM_(2.5)污染时段主要出现在20:00—02:00,与霾严重时段相吻合;(3)通过分析此次污染过程温度场、风场、大气边界层以及污染物的三维结构,首要污染物PM_(2.5)质量浓度的分布与大陆高压脊影响下造成的持续大范围弱北风、强下沉气流、较低的大气边界层以及逆温层有密切关系。持续弱北风和强下沉气流不利于污染物的水平和垂直扩散,较低大气边界层促进污染物在边界层内快速积累;逆温层的存在进一步抑制了大气垂直扩散能力,使得霾天气加剧。     

渭南市2015—2017年典型霾天气过程气象特征分析

综合利用地面空气污染监测资料、MICAPS资料、常规气象资料、探空资料、NCEP再分析资料,通过对2015—2017年渭南市11个典型霾天气过程进行分析,总结渭南市典型霾天气过程的大气环流背景特征,并运用统计学方法分析典型霾天气过程的气象要素特征。结果表明:典型持续性污染天气过程中细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))是PM_(10)的主要组成成分,PM_(2.5)的质量浓度明显高于粗颗粒物,严重污染期间PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)二者日变化明显且基本同步。严重污染期间,500 hPa欧亚中高纬度环流呈两槽一脊型,陕西处于暖脊前部、长波脊前底部,相应的700 hPa青藏高原上有短波槽,短波槽前有弱偏南气流发展;而空气质量转好时,中高纬度环流形势明显变化,陕西上空锋区加强,伴随地面东移南下冷空气的入侵,关中对流层低层偏北气流加强。PM_(2.5)质量浓度与过去1小时降水量、气温、海平面气压、10分钟平均风速负相关,与露点温度、相对湿度、总云量正相关。     

宁波地区不同季节不同强度霾天气变化特征

利用2014—2016年宁波市镇海地区逐时气象观测资料和大气成分监测资料,对宁波地区霾天气的变化特征进行统计分析。结果表明:2014—2016年宁波地区霾天气小时出现频率为28.8%,湿霾出现频率为61.0%。近3 a宁波地区霾天气小时出现频率呈下降趋势,秋冬季(11月至翌年1月)霾天气小时出现频率较高,夏季(6—8月)霾天气小时出现频率较低;从日变化来看,霾天气小时出现频率峰值集中出现在上午09时和夜间20—23时。宁波地区重度霾的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)颗粒物浓度为轻微霾的2.13倍和1.92倍,干霾颗粒物浓度高于湿霾,宁波地区霾天气的颗粒物组成较稳定,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比重为0.7左右。宁波地区颗粒物浓度与风速和降水量的相关性较好,春季和夏季风速与PM_(2.5)浓度的相关性较高,秋季和冬季风速与PM_(10)浓度的相关性较高;降水与PM_(10)浓度的相关性高于PM_(2.5)浓度。静稳天气时地面风速小易造成细颗粒物浓度的积累增长,冬季西北偏北风和东北风是影响宁波地区PM_(2.5)浓度变化的重要输送路径,当风向为西北风时,冬季和春季PM_(10)浓度增加明显。     

天津市滨海新区持续性重度雾霾成因分析

2015年12月20—26日滨海新区出现持续性重度雾霾天气,空气质量指数AQI持续5 d大于200。利用大气观测、探测及污染物探测资料、NCEP再分析资料等,分析此次重度雾霾成因。结果表明,持续的纬向性环流及地面弱气压场,使逆温层建立;近地面切变线使污染物、水汽汇聚结合形成持续雾霾。逆温层接地后,当主要污染物PM2.5浓度350μg/m~3时,相对湿度即使小到45%,也会出现能见度2 km的重度霾;当PM_(2.5)浓度300μg/m~3、相对湿度90%时,会出现能见度0.1 km的严重雾霾。逆温层不接地,当PM_(2.5)浓度65μg/m~3时,即使相对湿度90%,能见度也会6 km,不能形成雾霾。因此逆温层形成后接地和污染物浓度是滨海新区持续重度雾霾产生的关键条件。     

上海地区空气污染变化特征及其气象影响因素

利用2013—2014年上海地区6种空气污染物小时浓度和逐日空气质量分指数(IAQI)的监测资料,统计分析了上海地区空气污染的变化特征及其气象影响因子。结果表明:2014年上海地区空气质量优良率达77.0%,空气质量总体较2013年明显好转。2013—2014年上海地区AQI具有季节性特征,表现为冬季空气质量较差、秋季空气质量较好的特征,其中12月空气质量最差。由首要污染物分布可知,上海地区最主要的污染物为PM_(2.5),其中冬季PM_(2.5)污染出现最多;O_3则为夏季的主要污染物。由污染物浓度的周循环变化可知,上海地区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2和O_3浓度均存在周末低于工作日的"周末效应",但PM_(10)和NO_2浓度的"周末效应"更显著。由2014年上海地区霾日与PM_(2.5)浓度的变化可知,当PM_(2.5)浓度达到轻度及以上污染时,霾天气出现的概率大幅提高,但二者并非对应的关系。天气形势对PM_(2.5)污染影响较大,基于上海地区天气形势特点可以将PM_(2.5)污染的地面形势分为7种类型,其中高压中心型和高压楔型为PM_(2.5)污染的主要天气型。由于上海地区冬季冷空气活动频繁,西北风将上游地区颗粒物输送至本地,易造成较严重的污染天气;同时在冷高压的控制下,高压中心型和高压楔型天气频繁出现,导致颗粒物不易扩散,也易造成空气污染。夏季和秋季在副热带高压的控制下,水平和垂直扩散条件均较好,不易出现PM_(2.5)污染,但由于气温较高,光照条件较好,易出现O_3污染。     

陕西关中地区冬季一次重霾污染过程及气象条件影响分析

利用陕西关中多站气象观测资料和颗粒物浓度监测资料,对2013年12月16—26日关中一次持续多日重霾污染天气过程的颗粒物污染特征及气象条件进行统计分析。结果表明,此次重霾污染事件主要是由细粒子PM_(2.5)造成。关中各站颗粒物浓度在污染过程中的变化具有区域同步性特征,各站PM_(2.5)浓度日均值的相关系数达0.71~0.96,且严重超标,区域最高小时浓度均值达508μg·m~(-3),污染非常严重。关中盆地特殊的喇叭口地形以及关中东部持续的强东风使得区域污染传输叠加本地污染循环累积,是17日关中各站PM_(2.5)浓度剧增的主要原因。污染严重阶段,西安和渭南持续的弱风和静风使得局地排放的污染物聚集,引起PM_(2.5)浓度振荡上扬;宝鸡21日PM_(2.5)浓度的爆发式增长则是由上游西安和渭南储备的高浓度PM_(2.5)在持续偏东风作用下远程传输所致;而铜川受山谷风影响,PM_(2.5)浓度具有显著日变化特征。长时间贴地、悬浮的多层逆温和低混合层高度的存在,抑制了污染物的垂直扩散,也造成低空水汽聚集在近地层,是PM_(2.5)浓度持续累积增长的重要原因。关中此次重霾污染的快速有效清除最终依赖于冷高压加强南下。     

银川地区大气颗粒物浓度变化特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用2013—2014年银川地区大气颗粒物质量浓度和同期气象要素的观测资料,分析了银川地区大气颗粒物浓度的分布特征及其与气象条件的关系。结果表明:2013—2014年银川地区PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM1年平均浓度分别为167.3μg·m-3、67.2μg·m-3和45.0μg·m-3,年平均PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)、PM1/PM_(10)、PM1/PM_(2.5)分别为45.0%、32.0%和65.0%;PM_(10)浓度3月最高,8月最低,PM_(2.5)和PM1最高浓度均出现在1月,PM_(2.5)最低浓度出现在8月,PM1最低浓度出现5月;3—5月为PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)、PM1/PM_(10)和PM1/PM_(2.5)最低的3个月。不同天气类型PM_(10)浓度由高至低依次为浮尘/扬沙典型天气平均霾晴天雾,不同天气类型PM_(2.5)浓度由高至低依次为扬沙/浮尘霾典型天气平均晴天雾,不同天气类型PM1浓度由高至低依次为霾典型天气平均雾晴天浮尘/扬沙。风速与PM_(10)浓度呈正相关关系,风速与PM_(2.5)和PM1浓度均呈负相关关系;PM_(10)浓度在偏西北风时较高,PM_(2.5)和PM1浓度在偏西南风与偏东北风时较高;气温与PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM1浓度均呈显著的负相关关系;相对湿度与PM_(10)浓度呈显著的负相关关系,相对湿度与PM1浓度呈显著的正相关关系,相对湿度与PM_(2.5)相关性较弱;气压对PM_(10)浓度变化的影响较小,气压与PM_(2.5)、PM1浓度呈正相关关系;降水对PM_(10)的清除作用最强,对PM_(2.5)的清除作用次之,对PM1基本无清除作用。     

2014年秋季长株潭城市群一次典型霾污染天气过程的气象特征及成因分析

利用长株潭地区地面空气质量监测资料、常规地面气象资料及NCEP再分析资料和MODIS火点监测资料,结合HYSPLIT4后向轨迹模式,对2014年10月1718日长株潭地区一次严重霾天气过程的空气污染特征和成因进行综合分析。研究表明,长株潭地区此次严重霾天气污染事件的主要污染物为PM2.5,安徽南部和江西西北部地区秸秆焚烧产生的颗粒物,经高空偏东北气流引导输送到长株潭地区,是这次大范围烟霾天气的主要来源。长株潭地区西部高空槽区宽广,槽前西南气流较为强盛,地面受均压场控制,水平风速弱,为严重霾污染天气的维持提供了有利的环流条件。中低层逆温和大气底层湿度的增加,使污染物粒子不断累积;近地面连续静（小）风和风向的频繁转变,不利于污染物粒子的水平扩散;中下层弱的下沉气流、较低的混合层高度有利于污染物的垂直累积,为此次重度霾污染天气的发展、加强提供了有利的气象条件。     

天津城区春节期间大气气溶胶污染特征 和数浓度分布

利用天津城区2009-2014年春节期间大气气溶胶观测资料和相关气象资料,重点分析2013和2014年春节期间气溶胶污染特征,探求燃放烟花爆竹以及气象条件对春节期间大气气溶胶的影响。结果表明,受燃放烟花爆竹影响,春节期间PM_(2.5)质量浓度最高值均发生在除夕夜间;持续雾霾天气条件下燃放烟花爆竹,造成2013年除夕夜间PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值达到1240μg·m～(-3),是近年来最严重的一次;2014年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放量有所减少,加之空气扩散条件较为有利,PM_(2.5)质量浓度显著低于2013年;不同天气条件下,气溶胶数浓度谱分布特征存在明显差异,燃放烟花爆竹期间气溶胶数浓度水平与严重雾-霾天气相当。     

江苏淮安地区大气污染变化特征及其与气象条件的关系

采用江苏省淮安市地面5个监测站2013年1月1日—2015年12月31日PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3逐日质量浓度资料及同期气象资料,统计分析了该地区空气污染季节变化特征及其与气象条件的关系;采用MODIS的光学厚度AOD(Aerosol Optical Depth)资料和火点资料分析了2013年12月发生在淮安的一次持续性大气污染事件。研究结果表明,淮安空气质量AQI指数(Air Quality Index)在春冬季较高,夏秋季较低,污染天气发生在春冬季的概率为23.6%,夏秋季的概率为13.3%。淮安地区的首要大气污染物为颗粒物污染,其中PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)占比分别达到25.2%、48.9%,PM_(10)中PM_(2.5)比率年平均为61.0%,臭氧是第2大污染物,占比为25.8%。表征大气柱气溶胶浓度的AOD的季节变化与地面颗粒物浓度截然不同,颗粒物浓度1月和12月出现极高值,而这两个月AOD月平均值却在一年中达到极低值,AOD最高值出现在7月。另外,AQI与降水、气温、风速、相对湿度呈负相关关系,但相关程度较弱。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on