肝硬化门静脉高压患者食管静脉曲张CT表现预测首次上消化道出血的价值

目的观察肝硬化门静脉高压患者食管静脉曲张的CT表现,并对首次上消化道出血的风险进行预测。方法选取延安大学附属医院肝硬化患者,根据是否存在门静脉高压,是否有门静脉高压并发食管静脉曲张破裂致上消化道出血进行分组,全部患者进行CT扫描,对静脉截面数量、门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支、胃底静脉的直径进行测量。结果肝硬化门静脉高压患者中有63.1%患有食管静脉曲张,这些患者中有86.8%出现上消化道出血,无食管静脉曲张者仅9.7%出现上消化道出血。食管静脉曲张组较对照组静脉截面数多,门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支和胃底静脉的直径均大于对照组(P0.05)。食管静脉曲张组出血者的静脉截面数多于未出血者,出血者门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支和胃底静脉的直径均大于未出血者(P0.05)。结论门静脉高压是肝硬化发展的一个主要危险因子,可引发食管静脉曲张,导致上消化道出血。在临床中,可以用肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张患者的CT图来预测上消化道出血。     

多层螺旋CT门静脉成像评估肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血风险

目的 本文旨在评估多层螺旋CT（MSCT）门静脉重建对肝硬化门脉高压患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血风险的预测价值.方法 选取94例肝硬化可疑食管静脉曲张患者,1周内行MSCT和上消化道内镜检查.内镜排除合并胃底静脉曲张患者,共80例单纯食管静脉曲张患者入选本实验,对比分析MSCT及内镜资料.结果 食管曲张静脉评分、曲张静脉最大直径以及栅栏状静脉扩张均与内镜下曲张静脉形态、有无红色征及其严重程度明显相关.MSCT门静脉成像在判断红色征方面（≥4 mm）的灵敏度、特异度分别为71.3%、89.1%.结论 MSCT门静脉成像与内镜对食管静脉曲张程度的显示具有很好的一致性,可以作为预测曲张静脉出血的有效指标.     

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂再出血的主次危险因素研究现状

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的风险诸多,主要表现在门静脉高压、破裂处血栓形成及血液凝固、硬化部位或套扎点数、内环境、营养不良风险程度、Child-Pugh肝功能分级、静脉曲张程度、红色征、出血程度和门静脉内径等方面。对肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血因素的研究现状进行了主次划分及讨论,认为肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂再出血的主要因素是门静脉压力大小、破裂处血栓快速形成能力、是否急诊处理、内环境状态、营养不良风险程度和肝功能储备。     

失代偿期肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度的分析

目的了解肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度与门、脾静脉内径及脾脏厚度的关系及其临床价值。方法分析110例肝硬化失代偿期患者的临床资料,包括胃镜检查所见食管静脉曲张程度,腹部B超测门静脉内径、脾静脉内径及脾脏厚度。对患者的食管静脉曲张程度与门静脉内径、脾静脉内径以及脾脏厚度进行等级相关分析。结果食管静脉曲张严重程度与门静脉主干内径呈正相关（γs=0.292,P〈0.01）,与脾静脉内径呈正相关（γs=0.295,P〈0.01）,而且还与脾脏厚度呈正相关（γs=0.336,P〈0.01）。结论测量门静脉、脾静脉内径以及脾脏厚度可判断门脉高压和食管静脉曲张程度,并预测食管静脉曲张破裂出血的风险。     

血小板计数与脾大小之比与肝硬化中度食管静脉曲张出血的关系

肝硬化门静脉高压患者常伴有特殊的危险因素,包括消化道出血、脾功能亢进、腹水、肝性脑病,其中出血是最危险的致死性并发症之一^[1]。门静脉高压指门静脉压力的持续增高,肝硬化患者的静脉曲张年发生率为8％,小静脉曲张进展为大静脉的年发生率为8％。当门静脉压力〉12mmHg时,可能发生静脉曲张破裂出血^[2]。其破裂出血预后凶险,病死率高达30％-50％,即使出血后及时采取有效的治疗措施,短时间内再出血率仍高达30％。因此,对肝硬化食管静脉曲张能否在出血前进行较为准确的预测显得尤为重要^[3]。本文通过比较中度食管静脉曲张的肝硬化患者外周血三系的差异、门静脉主干和脾静脉直径、脾脏大小,评价这些指标与食管静脉曲张破裂出血是否相关,现将观察结果报道如下。     

门静脉高压并食管胃底静脉曲张出血的治疗策略

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是门静脉高压的严重并发症,如何控制食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血并预防再出血,是救治肝硬化患者生命的关键。简述了门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张出血的治疗和预防的4个阶段,指出应根据患者不同的临床时期、不同的肝静脉压力梯度、不同的肝功能分级,选择不同的治疗策略。     

血清-腹水白蛋白梯度与食管静脉曲张关系的临床研究

探讨血清-腹水白蛋白梯度(SAAG)及测量门静脉直径在门脉高压性食管静脉曲张破裂出血预测中的价值。62例肝硬化腹水患者,其SAAG均≥11g/L符合门脉高压性腹水。其中并发食管静脉曲张破裂出血22例,非出血者40例,肝硬化并发食管静脉曲张破裂出血组之SAAG(21.34g/L±2.46g/L)及门静脉内径(1.43cm±0.12cm)均高于非出血组(15.57g/L±1.7g/L,1.08cm±0.14cm)差异均有统计学意义。因此认为血清-腹水白蛋白梯度及门静脉内径对预测门脉高压性食管静脉破裂出血有重要的临床价值。     

血吸虫病肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的危险因素

目的 目的 探讨血吸虫病肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的相关危险因素。方法 方法 选择血吸虫病肝硬化食管静脉曲 张破裂出血患者113例为出血组, 血吸虫病肝硬化食管静脉曲张非出血患者128例为对照组, 进行相关因素分析。结果 结果 经比较, 两组凝血酶原时间、 门静脉主干内径、 食管静脉曲张程度、 曲张静脉瘤样病变的差异均有统计学意义 （P均< 0.01）。结论 结论 血吸虫病肝硬化患者发生食管静脉曲张破裂出血的危险因素为凝血酶原时间、 门静脉主干内径、 食管静脉 曲张程度、 曲张静脉瘤样病变。     

预防食管静脉曲张破裂再出血疗法评价

食管静脉曲张破裂出血常是肝硬化患者致死的并发症。第一次出血的死亡率为9.5%,有2/3的患者死于再出血。故探讨预防食管静脉曲张再次破裂出血的方法有十分重要的临床意义。食管静脉曲张是门静脉高压的后果之一,曲张静脉出血的确切机理还不清楚,目前比较一致的看法是(1)门静脉压力增高引起破裂;(2)食管内胃酸返流引起糜烂性食管炎。许多证据提示出血大多数是由于门静脉     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度与肝功能评价的相关性研究

目的 探讨原发性胆汁性肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度与门脾静脉内径、肝功能Child-Pugh分级,Meld评分间的关系.方法 对2008年9月至2011年5月间选择92例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者行增强CT,测量门静脉主干及脾门部脾静脉直径,行胃镜了解食管静脉曲张的程度,并对其中44例出现过静脉曲张破裂出血患者采用Child-Pugh分级,Meld评分标准进行肝功能分级.结果 食管静脉曲张程度与门静脉内径（P =0.018）、脾静脉内径（P=O.O02）呈正相关,而Child-Pugh分级（P＞0.05）,Meld评分（P＞0.05）则与食管静脉曲张程度无相关性.结论 根据门、脾静脉内径可预测原发性胆汁性肝硬化的食管静脉曲张程度;而Child-Pugh分级,Meld评分对患者的食管静脉曲张程度及出血风险不能进行有效评估.     

Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis: findings,implications, and outcomes

At least two thirds of cirrhotic patients develop esophageal varices during their lifetime. Severe upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding as a complication of portal hypertension develops in about 30%-40% of cirrhotics. Despite significant improvements in the early diagnosis and treatment of esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage, the mortality rate of first variceal hemorrhage remains high (20%-35%). Primary prophylaxis, the focus of this article, is treatment of patients who never had previous variceal bleeding to prevent the first variceal hemorrhage. The potential of preventing first variceal hemorrhage offers the promise of reducing mortality, morbidity, and associated health care costs. This article (1) reviews endoscopic grading of size and stigmata for esophageal and gastric varices, (2) describes data on prevalence and incidence of esophageal and gastric varices from prospective studies, (3) discusses independent risk factors from multivariate analyses of prospective studies for development of first esophageal or gastric variceal hemorrhage and possible stratification of patients based on these risk factors, (4) comments on the potential cost effectiveness of screening all newly diagnosed cirrhotic patients and treating high-risk patients with medical or endoscopic therapies, and (5) recommends further studies of endoscopic screening, stratification, and outcomes in prospective studies of endoscopic therapy. The author's recommendations are to perform endoscopic screening for the following subgroups of cirrhotics: all newly diagnosed cirrhotic patients and all other cirrhotics who are medically stable, willing to be treated prophylactically, and would benefit from medical or endoscopic therapies. Exclude patients who are unlikely to benefit from prophylactic therapies designed to prevent the first variceal hemorrhage, those with short life expectancy, and those with previous UGI hemorrhage (they should have already undergone endoscopy). For low or very low risk cirrhotic patients-those found to have no varices or small varices without stigmata-repeat endoscopy is recommended because screening for progression may be warranted in 2 or more years.     

The Role of Spleen Stiffness in Determining the Severity and Bleeding Risk of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhotic Patients

Esophageal varix and its hemorrhage are serious complications of liver cirrhosis. Recent studies have focused on noninvasive prediction of esophageal varices. We attempted to evaluate the association of liver and spleen stiffness (LS and SS) as measured by acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, with the presence and severity of esophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients.We measured LS and SS, along with endoscopic examination of esophageal varices for a total of 125 cirrhotic patients at a single referral hospital in this prospective observational study. The diagnostic utility of noninvasive methods for identifying varices and their bleeding risk was compared, including LS, SS, spleen length, Child-Pugh score, and various serum fibrosis indices.Esophageal varices were present in 77 patients (61.6%). SS was significantly higher in patients with varices than in those without varices (3.58 ± 0.47 vs 3.02 ± 0.49; P < 0.001). A tendency toward increasing SS levels was observed with increasing severity of varices (no varix, 3.02 ± 0.49; F1, 3.39 ± 0.51; F2, 3.60 ± 0.42; F3, 3.85 ± 0.37; P < 0.001)_. SS was significantly higher in patients who experienced variceal hemorrhage than in those who did not (3.80 ± 0.36 vs 3.20 ± 0.51; P = 0.002). An optimal cut-off value of SS for high-risk varices (≥F2) or variceal hemorrhage was 3.40 m/s.SS was significantly correlated with the presence, severity, and bleeding risk of esophageal varices. Prompt endoscopic evaluation of variceal status and prophylactic measures based on the SS may be warranted for cirrhotic patients.     

Esophageal motor disorders in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices non-submitted to endoscopic treatment

BACKGROUND: The hepatic cirrhosis has as one of the main morbid-mortality causes, the portal hypertension with the development of esophageal varices, the possibility of a digestive hemorrhage and worsening of hepatic insufficiency. It is important to identify causal predictive or aggravating factors and if possible to prevent them. In the last years, it has been observed the association of esophageal motor disorders and gastro-esophageal reflux in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices. AIMS: To study the prevalence of the esophageal motility disorders and among them, the ineffective esophageal motility, in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and esophageal varices, without previous endoscopic therapeutic and the predictive factors. METHODS: Prospectively, it has been evaluate 74 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis and esophagic varices, without previous endoscopic treatment. All of them were submitted to a clinical protocol, esophageal manometry and 55 patients also held the ambulatory esophageal pHmetry. RESULTS: Esophageal motility disorders have been found in 44 patients (60%). The most prevalent was the ineffective esophageal motility, observed in 28%. The abnormal reflux disease was diagnosed through the pHmetry in 35% of the patients. There were no correlation between the manometrical abnormality in general and the ineffective esophageal motility in particular and the esophageal or gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms, the abnormal reflux, the disease seriousness, the ascites presence and the gauge of the varices. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of cirrhotic patients with non-treated esophageal varices present esophageal motor disorders. No predictive factor was found. The clinical relevance of these findings need more researches in the scope to define the real meaning of theses abnormalities.     

Spleen Enlargement after Distal Gastrectomy in Patients without Hepatitis

Background/Aims: Platelet count-to-spleen diameter ratio is reported to be the best non-invasive predictor of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. However, spleen enlargement is frequently detected during follow-up of patients after gastrectomy. Thus, we studied the relationship of the platelet count-to-spleen diameter ratio with the development of esophageal varices after distal gastrectomy in patients without liver cirrhosis or hepatitis. Methodology: We retrospectively studied 64 patients who underwent distal gastrectomy. Their platelet counts, spleen diameters and platelet count-to-spleen diameter ratios were correlated with the occurrence rate of esophageal varices after the surgery. Results: Esophageal varices were not detected during the first 6 months after surgery; however, esophageal varices were detected in 2 patients (3%) at 12 months after surgery and their mean platelet count-to-spleen diameter ratio was 2628±409. Conclusions: The platelet count-to-spleen diameter ratio is a useful parameter for non-invasive prediction of esophageal varices after distal gastrectomy. In addition, we suggest that the occurrence rate of esophageal varices increases beyond 6 months after distal gastrectomy and when the platelet count-tospleen diameter ratio is less than approximately 2600 and thus, endoscopy should be performed to determine the presence of esophageal varices.     

102例肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张出血二级预防硬化治疗分析

目的 评价硬化治疗预防食管静脉曲张再出血的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2010年3月—2012年2月行食管静脉曲张硬化治疗(esophageal varices sclerotherapy,EVS)二级预防的肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张出血患者102例的临床资料。102例共行EVS328例次,其中择期309例次,追加治疗19例次,首次治疗(3.0±0.8)次。对其中88例进行1～20(10.2±2.5)个月随访。结果 随访88例中,食管静脉曲张消失和基本消失率为79.5%,远期再出血率为12.5%。主要并发症为术后发热、食管注射点溃疡或糜烂出血。结论 EVS治疗食管静脉曲张出血,可明显降低再出血率。     

多层螺旋CT检查在肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张诊断和分级中的价值

背景：食管静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门静脉高压的严重并发症之一,早期预防和诊断食管静脉曲张可减少并发症的发生。目的：探讨多层螺旋CT检查在肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张诊断和分级中的价值。方法：纳入肝硬化患者50例,在4周内分别行内镜和多层螺旋CT检查。由两位放射科医师采用盲法读片,分析多层螺旋CT检查诊断食管静脉曲张的敏感性,确定接受者操作特征曲线（ROC曲线）下面积（AUC）。分析两种检查方法的关联性和差异性。结果：以内镜检查结果为金标准,两位放射科医师以多层螺旋CT检查诊断食管静脉曲张的敏感性分别为95.1%和97.6%,AUC分别为0.913和0.717。两种检查方法的结果有关联性（P〈0.001）,无差异性。多层螺旋CT检查的依从性优于内镜检查（P〈0.001）。结论：多层螺旋CT检查对诊断肝硬化食管静脉曲张具有较高的价值,可指导临床选择预防和治疗方案,且较内镜检查更易为患者所接受。     

食管曲张静脉压力是预测肝硬化曲张静脉破裂出血的主要危险因素

目的:前瞻性研究影响肝硬化食管曲张静脉破裂出血的主要危险因素.方法:随访未发生过食管曲张静脉出血的57例肝硬化患者1年.采用内镜下无创性食管曲张静脉气囊测压仪检测曲张静脉压,研究终点为出现食管曲张静脉出血.研究食管曲张静脉内镜下表现、食管曲张静脉压力、肝功能分级、肝硬化病因及腹水指标与食管曲张静脉破裂出血的关系.结果:1年内34例(59.6%)患者发生首次食管曲张静脉破裂出血.单因素分析显示,食管曲张静脉压力(P=0.001)、曲张静脉直径(P=0.006)、内镜下红色征(P=0.012)与出血风险有关.进一步的多因素Logistic回归分析显示,食管曲张静脉压力是预测首次出血最主要的危险因子(OR=2.817,P=0.003),其受试者工作曲线(ROC)下面积为0.98.预测出血的食管曲张静脉压力截值为25.3 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),其敏感性与特异性均为91%.结论:食管曲张静脉压力是预测食管曲张静脉破裂出血的主要危险因素.     

Prognostic indicators in alcoholic cirrhotic men

The relationships between portal pressure, liver function and clinical variables on one hand and development of variceal hemorrhage and death on the other were investigated in 58 men with newly diagnosed alcoholic cirrhosis. Portal pressure was determined during hepatic vein catheterization as wedged minus free hepatic vein pressure, and median pressure was 14 mm Hg (range = 3 to 26 mm Hg). Fourteen of 31 patients (45%) had esophageal varices at upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (the size being considered large in nine patients). During follow-up (median = 31 months; range = 2 to 51 months), 12 patients (21%) developed variceal hemorrhage. Applying Cox's regression analysis, information about previous variceal bleeding (p = 0.0046), large varices at endoscopy (p = 0.012), hepatic vein pressure gradient (p = 0.0056) and indocyanine green clearance (p = 0.038) all contained significant prognostic information regarding development of variceal hemorrhage, even when easily obtained variables with known prognostic information were included [modified Child-Turcotte's criteria and incapacitation index (a weighted sum of days without normal health)]. During follow-up, 17 patients (29%) died. Applying Cox's regression analysis, large varices at endoscopy (p = 0.012) and hepatic vein pressure gradient (p = 0.019) contained significant prognostic information regarding death, in addition to the information contained in the modified Child-Turcotte's criteria and incapacitation index. In conclusion, prediction of prognosis in alcoholic cirrhotic men may be significantly improved by information about size of esophageal varices and level of portal pressure.     

肝硬化BEV持续出血判断及再出血的预测

食管静脉曲张破裂出血(BEV)是肝硬化最常见的并发症和重要死亡原因,食管静脉的异常血流动力学变化是造成食管静脉曲张破裂的主要因素。判断BEV失血量,预测持续出血及再出血十分重要。本文综述肝硬化BEV持续出血及再出血预测的研究进展。     

Preventive therapy of first gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: results of a controlled trial comparing propranolol, endoscopic sclerotherapy and placebo

Propranolol and endoscopic sclerosis of esophageal varices are the two approaches currently used in prophylaxis of the first gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the cirrhotic patient. One hundred twenty-six cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices and no histories of bleeding were included in the trial regardless of the gravity of the cirrhosis or the size of the esophageal varices. Patients with hepatocarcinomas or other cancers, clearly impossible follow-up, previous treatment for portal hypertension or contraindication to beta-blockers were excluded. After randomization, 43 patients received propranolol twice daily at a dose reducing the heart rate by 25%; 42 patients were treated with intravariceal and extravariceal injections of Polidocanol; 41 control patients received vitamin K orally as placebo. The patients were seen at 3-mo intervals for 2 yr. On entry to the trial the three groups were comparable in terms of clinical and biological parameters, including size of esophageal varices (grade I = 51, grade II = 54, grade III = 17), Child-Pugh classification (A = 29, B = 61, C = 32) and the origin of cirrhosis (alcoholic in 79% of cases). Twenty-four patients bled (two bled in the propranolol group, nine bled in the endoscopic sclerosis of esophageal varices group and 13 bled in the placebo group). Actuarial estimates (Kaplan-Meier) of the time of onset of first bleeding showed that the differences were significant between propranolol and placebo (p less than 0.004) and between propranolol and sclerotherapy (p less than 0.03) but not between sclerotherapy and placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)