腌制食品摄入联合吸烟、饮酒与食管癌发病关系病例对照研究

目的了解腌制食品摄入联合吸烟、饮酒与食管癌发病的关系,为食管癌防治策略的制定提供理论依据。方法采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法,对2010年1月—2015年12月在福建医科大学附属漳州市医院经病理组织确诊的645例原发性食管癌新发病例作为病例组及按病例组同性别、年龄(±5岁)匹配的同期在该院就诊的646例非肿瘤患者作为对照组进行问卷调查。结果在调整了性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、人均月收入等混杂因素后,多因素条件logistic回归分析结果显示,腌制食品是食管癌发病的危险因素,腌制食品摄入频率与食管癌发病风险存在剂量–反应关系(χ2趋势=21.030,P0.001);腌制食品摄入5~7次/周且吸烟者食管癌发病风险为腌制食品摄入1次/周且不吸烟者的2.517倍(OR=2.517,95%CI=1.412~4.485);腌制食品摄入5~7次/周且饮酒者食管癌发病风险为腌制食品摄入1次/周且不饮酒者的3.683倍(OR=3.683,95%CI=2.101~6.456);腌制食品摄入3~7次/周且吸烟和饮酒者食管癌发病风险为腌制食品摄入≤2次/周且不吸烟和不饮酒者的4.455倍(OR=4.455,95%CI=2.502~7.931)。结论腌制食品的摄入是食管癌发病的危险因素,腌制食品摄入联合吸烟和饮酒会明显增加食管癌发病的风险。     

吸烟与饮酒对肺癌发病的影响及交互作用

目的探讨吸烟与饮酒及其交互作用对肺癌发病的影响。方法在肿瘤高发地区开展以人群为基础的病例对照研究,通过调查问卷收集主要人口学、吸烟和饮酒等相关信息,采用非条件logistic回归分析计算比值比(OR)及95%CI,并分析吸烟与饮酒在肺癌发病中的交互作用。结果调整相关因素(包括饮酒)后,与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者患肺癌的风险增加(P0.05),吸烟≥40年者患肺癌的风险是不吸烟者的4.79倍,每日吸烟≥20支者患肺癌的风险是不吸烟者的4.44倍,吸烟至肺部者患肺癌风险是不吸烟者的4.44倍(P值均0.001)。调整变量(包括吸烟)后,饮酒和饮酒年限与肺癌发病之间无统计学关联(P0.05)。吸烟和饮酒相乘交互作用的OR值(95%CI)为0.90(0.47~1.70)。吸烟和饮酒相加交互作用的超额相对危险度(RERI)值及其95%CI为0.36(-0.92~1.64),交互作用归因比(AP)值及95%CI为0.09(-0.22~0.40),交互作用指数(SI)值及95%CI为1.13(0.71~1.80)。结论吸烟是肺癌发病的主要危险因素,且该风险随吸烟年限、吸烟量、吸烟深度的增加而显著增加,现有证据并不支持饮酒与肺癌发病之间存在关联,吸烟和饮酒在肺癌发病中也未见交互作用。     

非吸烟非饮酒人群中饮茶、食用奶制品与肺癌发病风险病例对照研究

目的了解非吸烟非饮酒人群中茶和奶制品摄入与原发性肺癌发病的关系,为原发性肺癌的预防控制提供参考依据。方法采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法,对2006年1月—2015年7月在福建医科大学附属第一医院、福建医科大学附属协和医院和南京军区福州总医院经病理组织确诊的564例非吸烟非饮酒的原发性肺癌新发病例作为病例组及按病例组同性别、年龄(±2岁)匹配的同期在此3家医院访视病人的564名非吸烟非饮酒的健康人群作为对照组进行问卷调查。结果在调整了性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、体质指数、是否家庭场所被动吸烟、是否工作场所被动吸烟、肺部疾病史、肿瘤家族史、厨房油烟情况等混杂因素后,多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,饮茶的非吸烟非饮酒人群原发性肺癌发病风险为不饮茶的非吸烟非饮酒人群的0.457倍(OR=0.457,95%CI=0.341～0.613),且饮茶年限、每周饮茶次数、饮茶浓度和每月饮茶量均与原发性肺癌发病风险存在剂量–反应关系(均P 0.001),饮红茶、绿茶和花茶者原发性肺癌发病风险分别为不饮茶者的0.351倍(OR=0.351, 95%CI=0.187～0.657)、 0.493倍(OR=0.493, 95%CI=0.326～0.745)和0.207倍(OR=0.207, 95%CI=0.090～0.474);食用奶制品的非吸烟非饮酒人群原发性肺癌发病风险为不食用奶制品的非吸烟非饮酒人群的0.503倍(OR=0.503,95%CI=0.387～0.653),且食用奶制品频次和饮奶量均与原发性肺癌发病风险存在剂量–反应关系(均P 0.001);饮茶和食用奶制品对原发性肺癌发病存在相乘交互作用(P交互=0.001),饮茶和食用奶制品的非吸烟非饮酒人群原发性肺癌发病风险为不饮茶和不食用奶制品的非吸烟非饮酒人群的0.195倍(OR交互=0.195,95%CI=0.129～0.294)。结论茶和奶制品摄入是非吸烟非饮酒人群原发性肺癌的保护因素,两者联合作用时可显著降低非吸烟非饮酒人群原发性肺癌的发病风险。     

武汉市大肠癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探索武汉市大肠癌危险因素。方法 对原发性大肠癌危险因素进行了1：1配比的病例对照研究。病例、对照各82例,用条件logistic回归模型分析各因素与疾病危险性的联系。结果 高频率摄入烟熏、腌制食品、大量吸烟,出生地为平原、大便性质不规律的OR值分别为3.194,1.450,2.575,21.191,9.593;体育锻炼、不食高温和重盐食物OR值分别为0.809,0.634,0.896。结论 高频率摄入烟熏、腌制食品、大量吸烟、出生地为平原、大便性质不规则为大肠癌发病的危险因素,体育锻炼、不良高温和重盐食物为保护因素。     

饮茶与肺癌发病风险的病例-对照研究

目的探讨饮茶与肺癌的关联。方法采用病例对照研究设计,收集确诊的肺癌新发病例1225例和按频数匹配的健康对照1234例。采用统一编制的调查表,面访收集研究对象的一般人口学特征、居住环境、饮食史、吸烟史、饮酒史、饮茶史、疾病及家族史等资料。非条件logistic回归模型估算饮茶与肺癌发病风险的调整比值比(OR)及其95%可信区间(95%CI),并分析饮茶与吸烟的交互作用。结果饮茶可显著降低非吸烟者肺癌的发病风险,调整OR值为0.465(95%CI 0.345～0.625);随着饮茶年数的增加,肺癌发生的危险性降低;红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶、其他类型茶的调整OR值分别为0.333(95%CI 0.154～0.720)、0.522(95%CI 0.356～0.767)、0.735(95%CI 0.424～1.274)和0.267(95%CI 0.143～0.497)。每周饮茶<3次和饮淡茶者与吸烟者肺癌有显著关联(P<0.05),调整OR值分别为0.453(95%CI 0.286～0.717)和0.518(95%CI 0.346～0.778)。结论饮茶是肺癌的保护因素,尤其可明显降低非吸烟肺癌的危险性。     

猪腊油炸食品摄入与食管癌及癌前病变关系的病例对照研究

目的探讨猪腊油炸食品摄入与食管癌及癌前病变的关系。方法采取以医院为基础的病例-对照研究,选择2017年2月至2019年8月在我院接受治疗的食管癌患者96例,根据性别、年龄(±5岁)进行1∶1∶1配比选取同期行内镜下碘染色剂指示性活检技术筛查的食管癌前病变患者96例及健康对照组96例进行研究。收集调查对象一般资料及日常健康习惯等信息,并以多元有序Logistic回归分析猪腊油炸食品摄入等因素与食管癌及癌前病变的关系。结果单因素基础上多因素分析结果显示:有食管癌家族史(OR=1.149,95%CI:1.061～1.258))、有吸烟史(OR=1.204,95%CI:1.038～1.479)、有饮酒史(OR=2.153,95%CI:1.429～2.607)、进食烫食频率(1次/周～1次/月(OR=1.413,95%CI:1.104～1.711),1次/周(OR=2.542,95%CI:1.393～2.930))、进食腌制食品频率(1次/周～1次/月(OR=1.472,95%CI:1.138～1.806),1次/周(OR=2.873,95%CI:1.724～3.285))及进食猪腊油炸食品频率(1次/周～1次/月(OR=1.389,95%CI:1.146～1.793),1次/周(OR=2.948,95%CI=2.034～3.583))均为食管癌及癌前病变发生的独立性危险因素(P0.05)。结论猪腊油炸食品摄入频率过高是食管癌及癌前病变的危险因素,减少此类食物的摄入量可有效预防食管癌及癌前病变的发生。同时,家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史等因素均可增加患病率。     

农村肺癌发病危险因素的研究及预防措施分析

目的:应用1∶1配对病例对照研究的方法,探讨目前农村肺癌发病危险因素,为开展农村肺癌的预防提供科学依据.方法:选择128例农村原发性肺癌患者,与128例非肿瘤且除外呼吸系统疾病的患者进行调查研究.结果:经过多因素条件Logistic回归分析,吸烟、油烟接触、常吃烟熏食品、易怒、农药接触是农村肺癌发病的危险因素,精神愉快、常吃蔬菜水果是农村肺癌发病的保护因素.结论:吸烟、油烟接触、常吃烟熏食品、易怒、农药接触是农村肺癌发病的危险因素,保持心情愉快、常吃蔬菜水果一定程度上降低肺癌发生的风险.     

油炸食品与食管癌及癌前病变关系的多元有序logistic回归分析

目的 探讨油炸食品摄入对食管癌及癌前病变发病的影响。方法 以2005-2013年在河南省农村地区开展上消化道癌症筛查项目的11个行政县（市）的40~69岁居民为研究对象,收集人口学、生活方式等信息,采用碘染色内镜进行筛查并取活检组织进行病理诊断,依据病理诊断标准分为不同病变等级,并采用多元有序logistic回归分析油炸食品摄入频率与食管癌及癌前病变发病的关系。结果 共纳入食管正常8 792例、轻度增生3 680例、中度增生972例、重度增生/原位癌413例、食管癌336例。多因素有序logistic回归分析结果显示,调整年龄、性别、婚姻状况、文化程度、BMI、吸烟和饮酒状况后,油炸食品是食管癌及癌前病变发病的危险因素。与不食油炸食品者相比,当油炸食品摄入频率<2次/周时,其OR值为1.60（95% CI：1.40~1.83）;当油炸食品摄入频率≥ 2次/周时,其OR值为2.58（95% CI：1.98~3.37）。结论 油炸食品摄入是食管癌及癌前病变发病的危险因素。     

肺癌易感性与Ⅱ相代谢酶基因多态性关系

目的 研究Ⅱ相代谢酶基因NQO1密码子187多态性与肺癌易感性的关系,分析吸烟与该多态性可能的交互作用.方法 采用病例-对照研究,收集原发性肺癌患者396例为病例组,同时随机抽取465名当地健康居民作为对照组,进行流行病学调查.运用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法分析NQO1基因Pro187Ser位点的多态性.应用Logistic回归模型分析该位点多态性与肺癌易感性的关系.结果 等位基因Pro和Ser在病例组的频率分别为50.88%和49.12%,在对照组中则分别为56.13%和43.87%,2组差异有统计学意义(P=0.0296).携带Ser/Ser基因型者患肺癌,特别是肺腺癌的风险显著高于携带野生型Pro/Pro者,其OR值分别为1.53(95%CI=1.01～23.32)和2.16(95%CI=1.16～4.02).携带纯合突变型Ser/Ser的吸烟者患肺癌的风险为携带至少1个野生等位基因的吸烟者的1.5倍.而NQO1基因的纯合突变型Ser/Ser与吸烟在肺腺癌的发病中存在显著的协同作用(OR=2.74,95%CI=1.00～7.49).结论 Ⅱ相代谢酶基因NQO1密码子187的多态性可能与肺癌的易感性有关.在肺癌的发生过程中,吸烟可能与该位点多态性存在协同作用.     

MGMT基因多态性与食管癌易感性关系

目的 探讨山西省长治地区食管癌患者O6-甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶(MGMT)基因多态性与食管癌易感性的关系,及其与环境因素在食管癌发生中的交互作用.方法 采用1:1配对的病例对照研究,对201对研究对象进行食管癌相关危险因素的问卷调查,应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对MGMT多态性基因型进行检测.结果 携带MGMT基因杂合型和突变型者发生食管癌的风险增高,X2=9.80,P<0.01,OR值分别为1.33(95%CI=1.01～2.07)和1.47(95%CI=1.03～2.54);MGMT易感基因型与腌制食品对食管癌的发生存在交互作用(S=1.77,API=0.25).而与吸烟、饮酒、精神刺激、食管癌家族史之间没有交互作用.结论 MGMT突变基因型是长治地区食管癌高发的易感基因型,且与腌制食品存在协同作用.     

Examining the interaction between food outlets and outdoor food advertisements with primary school food environments

Schools are commonly seen as a site of intervention to improve children's nutrition, and prevent excess weight gain. Schools may have limited influence over children's diets; however, with home and community environments also exerting an influence within schools. This study considered the environment of food outlets and outdoor food advertisements surrounding four case study primary schools in New Zealand, and the impact of that external environment on within-school food environments. The shortest travel route between school and home addresses, and the number of food outlets and advertisements passed on that route, was calculated for each student. Interviews with school management were conducted. The schools with a higher percentage of students passing food outlets and advertisements considered that their presence impacted on efforts within schools to improve the food environment. Limiting students’ exposure to food outlets and outdoor food adverts through travel route planning, reducing advertising, or limiting the location of food outlets surrounding schools could be explored as intervention options to support schools in promoting nutrition.     

Association of food environment and food retailers with obesity in US adults

The food environment has been shown to be a factor affecting the obesity rate. We studied the association of density of food retailer type with obesity rate in U.S. adults in local regions controlling for socioeconomic factors. Parametric nonlinear regression was used on publically available data (year=2009) at the county level. We used the results of this association to estimate the impact of the addition of a new food retailer type in a geographic region. Obesity rate increased in supercenters (0.25–0.28%) and convenience stores (0.05%) and decreased in grocery stores (0.08%) and specialized food stores (0.27–0.36%). The marginal measures estimated in this work could be useful in identifying regions where interventions based on food retailer type would be most effective.     

Convenience food use in households with male food preparers

Data from the household portion of the 1977-78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey were used to determine expenditures for convenience and nonconvenience foods and nutrients from those foods. Households with male food preparers accounted for approximately 15% of the survey population, frequently included only one person, and had a larger proportion of young and elderly heads of household than households with a female food preparer. As a group, the foods most frequently reported in households with male food preparers were quite similar to those used by households with female food preparers. Male food preparers spent less of the food dollar on nonconvenience items than did other food preparers, and conversely they spent more on complex and manufactured convenience foods. Total food energy and nutrient levels per nutrition unit of the foods used by households with male food preparers were significantly higher than those in households with female food preparers for all nutrients except thiamin and riboflavin. However, the values were more than 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance values except for vitamin B-6 for both sample groups.     

Living with food allergy

Food allergy is among the most common of the allergic disorders, with a prevalence of 6-8 per cent in children up to the age of three. However, many people self-diagnose, putting their children at risk of malnutrition, possibly as a result of lack of awareness by health professionals of food allergy as a potential cause of conditions such as infantile eczema, chronic diarrhoea, faltering growth and gastrooesophageal reflux. NICE (The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) recently published guidelines, which they hope will help to improve the diagnosis of food allergies within the community. If food allergy or lactose intolerance is suspected, the mainstay of a diagnostic work up should comprise of a detailed allergy-focused clinical history, part of which will involve determining whether the adverse reaction is typically an immediate (IgE mediated) or more delayed-type (non-IgE mediated) allergic reaction, or whether it may be lactose intolerance; a form of non-allergic hypersensitivity.     

Household food insecurity with hunger is associated with women's food intakes, health and household circumstances

This study investigated food intake patterns and contextual factors related to household food insecurity with hunger among a sample of 153 women in families seeking charitable food assistance in Toronto. Women in households characterized by food insecurity with severe or moderate hunger over the past 30 d (as assessed by the Food Security Module) reported lower intakes of vegetables and fruit, and meat and alternatives than those in households with no hunger evident. Women were more likely to report household food insecurity with hunger over the past 12 mo and 30 d if they also reported longstanding health problems or activity limitations, or if they were socially isolated. The circumstances that women identified as precipitating acute food shortages in their households included chronically inadequate incomes; the need to meet additional, unusual expenditures; and the need to pay for other services or accumulated debts. Women who reported delaying payments of bills, giving up services, selling or pawning possessions, or sending children elsewhere for a meal when threatened with acute food shortages were more likely to report household food insecurity with hunger. These findings suggest that expenditures on other goods and services were sometimes foregone to free up money for food, but the reverse was also true. Household food insecurity appears inextricably linked to financial insecurity.     

A review of visual cues associated with food on food acceptance and consumption

Several sensory cues affect food intake including appearance, taste, odor, texture, temperature, and flavor. Although taste is an important factor regulating food intake, in most cases, the first sensory contact with food is through the eyes. Few studies have examined the effects of the appearance of a food portion on food acceptance and consumption. The purpose of this review is to identify the various visual factors associated with food such as proximity, visibility, color, variety, portion size, height, shape, number, volume, and the surface area and their effects on food acceptance and consumption. We suggest some ways that visual cues can be used to increase fruit and vegetable intake in children and decrease excessive food intake in adults. In addition, we discuss the need for future studies that can further establish the relationship between several unexplored visual dimensions of food (specifically shape, number, size, and surface area) and food intake.     

A population-based study of preschoolers' food neophobia and its associations with food preferences

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the relationships between food preferences, food neophobia, and children's characteristics among a population-based sample of preschoolers. DESIGN: A parent-report questionnaire. SETTING: Child-care centers, kindergartens, playgroups, day nurseries, and swimming centers. SUBJECTS: 371 two- to five-year-old Australian children. OUTCOME MEASURES: Associations between food neophobia and the food preferences and characteristics. ANALYSIS: Analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, Pearson product-moment correlations, and Fisher z test were used to estimate and compare the associations between these variables. RESULTS: Food neophobia was associated with reduced preferences for all food groups, but especially for vegetables (r = -0.60; P < .001). It was also associated with liking fewer food types (r = -0.55; P < .001), disliking more food types (r = 0.42; P < .001), the number of untried food types (r = 0.25; P < .001), a less varied range of food preferences (r = -0.59; P < .001), and less healthful food preferences overall (r = -0.55; P < .001). No significant relationships (P < .01) were observed between food neophobia and a child's age, sex, or history of breast-feeding. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms and extends results obtained in experimental research and population-based intake studies of food neophobia to children's everyday food preferences. The findings suggest that preschool children's everyday food preferences are strongly associated with food neophobia but not with children's age, sex, or history of breast-feeding. When aiming to influence children's food preferences, the effects of food neophobia and strategies to reduce it should be considered.     

Effect of pregnancy on food consumption and consciousness factors associated with food satisfaction

To examine the effect of pregnancy on food consumption, we surveyed the recall of past experience of two groups of women, those who had been pregnant (PY, n=188) and those who never had (PN, n=111), regarding their food consumption and related dietary behaviors. The questionnaire, answered with regard to potato chips, contained 135 objective components expressing sensorial stimuli and 103 subjective consciousness components, including knowledge, education, faith, memory, experience, lifestyle, family values, imagination, and mental state. In the PY group, 86% of the women change in food consumption and preference during pregnancy, and 60% experienced decreased food consumption during emesis gravidarum (EG). The change in food consumption during and after periods of EG was influenced by the number of previous births for the women in the PY group; in women pregnant for a second or third time, the change in food intake was less than during the previous pregnancy. The difference in food satisfaction with regard to potato chips between the PY and PN groups showed that overall food satisfaction could not be explained by a combination of objective sensorial components; the only objective components that were directly related to overall satisfaction were taste and texture. Multidimensional analysis with strength of sensorial stimulus, preference, and overall satisfaction revealed differences in patterns between the PN and PY groups. The effect of the consciousness components on food preference and satisfaction was comparable to that of the sensorial components.