山西省12个贫困县乡镇卫生院卫生资源与状况分析

文章利用１２个贫困县（卫生Ⅷ项目县）１９９７年的基线调查资料，对１２个贫困县共２１０个乡镇卫生院的卫生人力、房屋设备、卫生服务以及资源利用情况进行了分析，指出了贫困地区乡镇卫生院存在的问题并提出了几点建设     

乡村振兴背景下湖北省脱贫县乡镇卫生院服务能力综合评价

目的评价湖北省脱贫县乡镇卫生院的服务能力, 为提升脱贫地区乡镇卫生院的服务能力提供参考。方法在文献分析的基础上构建评价指标体系;基于湖北省卫生健康委员会2022年乡镇卫生院绩效考核调查数据, 采用熵权-TOPSIS法结合秩和比法对湖北省脱贫县乡镇卫生院的服务能力进行综合评价。结果构建了以基本医疗服务、公共卫生服务、卫生资源、服务效率为一级指标, 包含11个二级指标的乡镇卫生院服务能力评价指标体系。最终纳入32个脱贫县的299所乡镇卫生院进行分析, 熵权-TOPSIS法的评价结果显示, 权重系数最高的一级指标为卫生资源(0.43), 二级指标为每乡镇卫生院年均出院患者手术人数(0.17)。32个脱贫县的乡镇卫生院的基本医疗服务、公共卫生服务、卫生资源、服务效率和综合服务能力的Ci值均值分别为0.304、0.420、0.329、0.576和0.352。秩和比法分档结果显示, 脱贫县乡镇卫生院服务能力被评为好、中、差者分别有6个、21个和5个。结论脱贫县乡镇卫生院的医疗服务能力相对薄弱, 不同脱贫县的乡镇卫生院的服务能力差距明显。脱贫县乡镇卫生院服务能力提升的着力点在卫生资源与手术操作能力。     

卫生Ⅷ项目县乡村卫生机构经济状况分析

改善卫生服务系统提供能力是卫生Ⅷ项目的目标之一。卫生服务能力的改善和提高 ,需要项目地区县乡村卫生机构具备良好的内部经济环境。本文利用卫生Ⅷ项目第一批项目县基线调查数据 ,运用收支平衡分析的方法 ,分析县医院、乡镇卫生院和抽样村卫生室的收支状况 ,以了解项目县卫生服务机构收入、支出的特征及其平衡状态 ,从而概略判断卫生Ⅷ项目所明确的活动在项目地区卫生服务机构运行中的经济环境和条件。一、分析结果１．收入分析(１)县级医院及乡卫生院收入结构１９９７年第一批项目县县级医院平均总收入为５０７．４万元,中心乡镇卫生院…     

卫生Ⅷ项目乡镇卫生院设施建设效果评估概述

[目的]介绍<卫生Ⅷ项目乡镇卫生院设施建设效果评估>项目的研究背景、目的、内容和方法,评估的主要结果及建议.[方法]采用分层随机整群抽样方法,抽取了青海省、河南省、重庆市和四川省47个乡镇卫生院(包括卫生Ⅷ项目、秦巴项目和非项目),进行现场定性和定量调查.[结果]研究表明,在规模控制、功能满足、安全卫生和配套设施建设等方面的各项指标卫生Ⅷ项目乡镇卫生院好于秦巴项目和非项目乡镇卫生院;从医患双方对卫生院设施建设的满意度以及卫生服务利用、业务收入等指标的增长幅度来看,卫生Ⅷ项目乡镇卫生院也较秦巴项目和非项目卫生院更为显著.[结论]卫生Ⅷ项目乡镇卫生院设施建设的合理性、医患双方对卫生院设施建设的满意度以及卫生服务利用等建设效果方面,总体上好于秦巴项目和非项目乡镇卫生院.     

卫生Ⅷ项目对妇女孕产期保健知识、就医态度和行为的影响

目的探讨卫生Ⅷ项目对于提高贫困地区妇女的孕产期保健知识、改善就医态度和行为的作用。方法利用"卫生Ⅷ项目/卫生Ⅷ支持性项目对母婴保健与健康的影响"专项评估中的孕产妇入户调查数据库,分析比较项目县和非项目县妇女的孕产期保健知识来源和掌握程度,产前检查和住院分娩的就医/不就医原因。以及所选择的医疗机构级别。结果"乡镇卫生院医生"和"村医或村妇幼专干"为项目地区孕产妇传播了较多的孕产期保健信息。费用不再是影响项目地区孕产妇去医院进行产前检查和分娩的主要原因。在曾进行过产前检查和住院分娩的被调查对象中,项目县的大多选择的是乡镇卫生院,而对照县的大多选择的是县级及以上医疗机构。结论卫生Ⅷ项目的实施使贫困地区孕产妇在乡镇卫生院获得了更多的孕产期保健知识和服务,就医态度和行为趋向合理,有利于各级卫生资源效率的最大发挥。     

青海省农村卫生服务人员及居民收入和卫生支出情况调查分析

目的:了解青海省乡镇卫生院(中心)卫生服务、居民卫生支出及就诊情况.方法:抽取青海省三个县共18个乡镇卫生院进行调查.结果:每千人拥有卫生服务人员数0.630名,医护比为1∶0.55,三县乡农村居民家庭年收入在1万元以下者占48.0％,年卫生支出500元到3000元之间的比重较大(61.2％),住院看病首选医疗机构是乡镇卫生院(56.0％).结论:乡镇卫生院是乡村卫生服务最重要的机构,但青海省乡镇卫生院人力资源配置不合理,农民家庭经济收入低,而卫生费用支出过高.     

云南省玉龙县乡镇卫生院医疗卫生服务能力调查

[目的]通过对玉龙县下属的乡镇卫生院的综合调查,了解基层卫生院卫生服务的能力,为政策制定提供资料和建议。[方法]运用现有资料,通过描述性分析和对乡镇卫生院工作人员进行访谈,评价基层卫生院卫生服务能力及影响因素。[结果]由于经济、地理条件的制约,致使玉龙县乡镇卫生院的卫生服务能力尚处于比较落后的水平;许多诊疗项目未能开展,在很大程度上影响了当地农村居民的健康水平;仪器配备不齐全、医疗卫生人员的匮乏使得基层卫生院目前无法达到国家标准。[结论]相关部门应进一步增加对基层卫生院重视程度,在财政方面给予大量支持,在政策上给予相应倾斜,同时应了解基层的实际需求加大政策的实用性。     

提高贫困山区乡镇卫生院综合服务能力途径的探讨

目的，探索提高贫困山区乡镇卫生院综合服务能力的途径；方法：利用英国国际发展部赠款开展秦巴卫生支持性综合试点项目，通过开展社区需求评估调查、卫生院现有功能分析调查。制定改进卫生院服务质量及服务功能的有效策略。结果：试点的4个试点乡卫生院服务质量明显改善，群众对卫生服务的利用有所提高。结论；在适当的经费支持下．通过有效发展策略．加强技术援助，贫困山区乡镇卫生院综合服务能力能够提高。     

四川省少数民族地区乡镇卫生院服务能力现状研究

目的:了解四川省民族地区乡镇卫生院数量、设备拥有情况、人员及卫生服务能力等情况。方法:采用自制调查问卷对2008年四川省60个民族及民族待遇县乡镇卫生院进行调查。结果:收回数据的52个民族及民族待遇县共有乡镇卫生院1180.00所,其中,中心卫生院208.00所,一般乡镇卫生院972.00所,卫生技术人员职称以初级为主占56.69%,卫生院设备短缺,业务开展情况不理想,手术类的医疗服务项目开展情况最差,各地区机构业务收入均低于业务支出,收不抵支。结论:政府加大对乡镇卫生院的投入,同时注意投入结构和投入方向的调整;建立稳定的双向流动对口支援机制,提高卫生技术人员业务素质;建立"县医院—乡镇卫生院"服务延伸网络,提高乡镇卫生院的技术水平和服务能力。     

6县(市)基本公共卫生服务绩效考核实施现状研究

目的了解6个县(市)实施基本公共卫生服务绩效考核现状并发现存在的问题,进而提出可行建议,为政府部门制定政策提供参考。方法查阅文献资料、开展定量调查收集数据,对相关部门管理人员、乡镇卫生院院长、乡村两级医务人员和农村居民进行定性访谈。结果 6个县(市)制定了对乡镇卫生院基本公共卫生服务的绩效考核办法,其中2个县(市)制定了对村卫生室的考核办法。6个县(市)中有4个县(市)绩效考核包括了效率指标和效果指标。6个县(市)对乡镇卫生院开展基本公共卫生服务实行专项绩效考核,频率主要为1年2次;调查的15个乡镇卫生院中8个乡镇卫生院制定了基本公共卫生服务专项考核方案,7个乡镇卫生院制定了综合考核方案,但5个乡镇卫生院绩效考核未落实到位。7个乡镇卫生院制定了对村医的绩效考核办法。结论 6个县(市)实施基本公共卫生服务绩效考核取得一定成效,但绩效考核办法仍不完善,需要进一步改进。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.