山蚂蝗属植物化学成分与生物活性研究进展

豆科Leguminosae山蚂蝗属Desmodium植物的化学成分主要为萜类、黄酮类、甾体、生物碱类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗菌消炎、保肝,解热镇痛、利胆利尿等药理活性。该文综述了2003年来山蚂蟥属20余种植物的化学成分及生物活性研究进展,为该属植物的研究与利用提供理论依据。     

两色金鸡菊的化学成分和药理作用研究进展

两色金鸡菊Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.为菊科金鸡属植物,原产于北美,在我国新疆昆仑山区被发现并在当地作为茶饮用,至今有十多年的历史。两色金鸡菊含有的化学成分主要为黄酮类、皂苷类、有机酸、鞣质、糖类、挥发油或油脂类和酚性成分。研究表明两色金鸡菊具有降血糖、抗氧化、降血压、降血脂等药理活性,有潜在的药用价值。综述近年来两色金鸡菊的化学成分和药理作用,为其进一步研究开发利用提供参考。     

鹅掌柴属化学成分与药理活性研究进展

鹅掌柴属Schefflera植物是五加科Araliaceae无刺乔木或灌木,广泛分布于两半球的热带与亚热带区域,在中国主要分布于西南与东南地区。该属中多种植物可以药用,常被用于治疗风湿痹痛、跌打肿痛、骨折、头痛、牙痛、腰痛、脘腹疼痛等多种疼痛。该属植物的化学成分主要是三萜及其皂苷类,除此还有长链化合物、甾体及其苷类、倍半萜、有机酸、苄苷类、单糖及寡糖、木脂素、醌类、二萜等。药理活性主要表现在镇痛抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗菌抗病毒、受体结合活性、抗过敏、抗疟疾等方面。为了更好的开发利用本属药用植物,该文综述了该属植物的化学成分与药理活性的研究进展。     

岩白菜属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

岩白菜属植物在我国种质资源丰富,有多种生物活性,具有重要的药用价值。该属植物中含有多种化学成分,主要有香豆素类、黄酮类、萜类、糖苷类、甾体类、蒽醌类和有机酸类等;具有抗菌、抗炎、止咳、抗疟、抗氧化等药理活性。本文综述了岩白菜属植物的化学成分和药理活性,以期为岩白菜属植物的深入研究和开发利用提供参考。     

棘豆属植物化学成分与药理作用

棘豆属植物全世界有300余种,在民族医药中有广泛的应用。该属植物的化学成分主要包括黄酮类、三萜皂苷类、生物碱类等,这些化合物主要具有抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、免疫抑制等药理作用。综述了近20年来对棘豆属植物的化学成分及药理、毒理等方面的研究进展,为该属植物的开发利用提供参考。     

葛属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展

豆科蝶形花亚科葛属植物作为中国、日本、韩国、印度和泰国等国家常用药,药用历史悠久,分别载录于《中国药典》《日本药典》《韩国药典》《印度阿育吠陀药典》和《泰国植物志》等。全球现有葛属植物15～20种,我国有7种加2变种,目前具有药用价值的主要有葛根、粉葛等6种;该属植物主要化学成分为异黄酮类、黄酮类、萜类、甾体类、香豆素类、葛酚苷类和苯并吡喃类等,目前已从该属植物中分离鉴定出240个化合物,其药理作用主要有改善心血管系统、抗氧化、降血糖、解热、抗炎、解酒护肝和雌激素样作用等。该研究对国内外药用葛属植物的化学成分及药理活性等进行了系统总结,以期为该属植物的药效物质基础、质量控制及深入开发研究提供参考。     

重楼属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

重楼属Paris隶属于百合科(Liliaceae),全世界共有24个种,我国有19个种,分布于云南、贵州、四川等西南地区。其主要化学成分有甾体皂苷类、黄酮类、三萜类、脂肪酸类等,具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、止血、驱虫等药理作用。总结了重楼属植物系统分类、化学成分和药理作用的研究现状,以期为该属植物的进一步研究提供参考。     

亚菊属植物化学成分及药理作用研究进展

亚菊属植物隶属于菊科春黄菊族蒿亚族，是与菊属相近的一种半灌木植物。我国亚菊属植物共有24种，主要分布于西北部地区，大多为民族用草药，抗逆性普遍较强。现代研究表明，该属植物主要含萜类、黄酮类、炔类、苯丙素类、挥发油类等化学成分，并具有抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗疟、抗氧化、杀虫等药理作用。该研究对该属植物中有关化学成分及药理作用的研究成果进行综述，为其今后的深入研究和开发利用提供一定的参考价值。     

绵枣儿属药用植物化学成分和药理活性研究进展

绵枣儿属Scilla植物是百合科多年生草本,约90种,广布于欧洲、亚洲和非洲的温带地区,少数也见于热带山地。我国产1种和1变种,即绵枣儿和白绿绵枣儿。该属中多种植物可以药用,常被用于治疗跌打损伤,腰腿疼痛、筋骨痛等。该属植物的化学成分主要是尤可甾醇衍生的三萜及其糖苷、蟾蜍甾、高异黄酮、生物碱、二苯乙烯及少量的木脂素等。药理活性主要表现在抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和糖苷酶抑制等方面。为了更好地开发利用本属药用植物,该文综述了其化学成分与药理活性的研究进展。     

鹊肾树属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展

鹊肾树属Streblu植物属于桑科(Moraceae),共有22种,主要分布于亚洲东部和东南部。我国有7种,主产于南方,该属多种植物被作为传统药物使用,药用历史悠久,其化学成分主要包括苯丙素类及其衍生物、苯并呋喃和苯并戊烷类、黄酮类、甾体类、萜类及其他类型的化合物,具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化、抗肝炎、止血、镇痛等药理作用。对近年来鹊肾树属植物化学成分和药理活性的研究进展进行综述,为后续研究开发该属植物提供参考。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。