锌盐催化尿素和1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯

考察了各种锌盐催化尿素和1,2-丙二醇(PG)合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)的催化性能。几种催化剂中,氯化锌具有最佳的催化性能。以氯化锌为模板催化剂,考察了反应条件如:反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对催化效果的影响。结果表明,在尿素3.0 g、PG 7.62 g、反应温度170℃、反应时间3 h、催化剂用量0.4 g时,PC收率可达到82.9%。傅里叶红外表征进一步说明,催化剂的催化活性与它们活化尿素分解为异氰酸的能力有关;然后,异氰酸与催化剂作用生成中间物种,在PG的作用下最终生成PC。最后,基于以上催化测试和表征结果,提出了尿素和PG反应合成PC可能的催化反应机理。     

MgO催化尿素与1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯

采用8种金属氧化物为催化剂,考察了其在尿素与1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯反应中的催化性能。研究表明,以干燥法制备的MgO催化活性较好。通过工艺条件优化,在MgO用量为反应物总质量的3.2%,n(尿素)∶n(1,2-丙二醇)=1∶2,反应温度160℃,反应时间4 h的条件下,碳酸丙烯酯收率为87%。用XRD、BET对催化剂进行了表征。MgO比表面积是影响其催化活性的主要因素之一。     

锌基催化剂制备及其催化合成碳酸丙烯酯

通过尿素沉淀法制备了以锌基为主要活性组分的不同的复合型氧化物催化剂,考察了尿素与1,2-丙二醇(PG)合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)反应的催化性能。用XRD,SEM,BET,CO2-TPD对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的强碱性位数量可能是影响催化活性的关键因素,在此基础上推出碱催化机理:较强的碱强度有利于降低中间产物羟丙基氨基甲酸酯(HPC)转化为PC的活化能。在反应温度170℃,反应时间1 h,PG/尿素摩尔比1.5,0.6 g催化剂(占尿素质量的2%),反应压力3.99×104Pa的条件下,PC收率高达99.8%。n(锌)∶n(镁)=1∶4,催化剂经过5次再生,PC收率降低了2.2%。     

铅、锌化合物催化尿素与1,2-丙二醇制备碳酸丙烯酯

以铅、锌的化合物为催化剂,进行尿素与1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯的反应,所用的铅、锌化合物催化剂均有活性,其中碳酸铅的催化活性最高。以碳酸铅为催化剂,在催化剂用量为反应物总质量的3%,n(1,2-丙二醇)/n(尿素)=3,反应温度160℃,反应时间6 h的条件下,碳酸丙烯酯的收率为98.2%。反应为多相催化体系,简单过滤即可实现催化剂与产物的分离。已完成5 L的扩试,碳酸丙烯酯收率为96%。     

邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾催化合成（R）-碳酸丙烯酯

以尿素和（R）-1,2-丙二醇为原料、邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾为催化剂合成了（R）-碳酸丙烯酯。考察了尿醇摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂用量对反应的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件为：取1.0 mol（R）-1,2-丙二醇,n（（R）-1,2-丙二醇）∶n（尿素）=1.0∶2.0（摩尔比）,催化剂用量为1.0%,反应时间为2.0 h,在上述反应条件下,产品收率可达96.3%。     

尿素和苯酚直接合成水杨酰胺

以CaO、MgO、La2O3、Al2O3、ZrO2等5种金属氧化物为催化剂,以尿素和苯酚为原料直接合成了水杨酰胺。在相同条件下,发现MgO对该反应的催化性能最佳。考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、原料配比等因素对水杨酰胺收率的影响,最佳反应条件为:反应温度245℃,反应时间12h,MgO的用量0.2g,n(苯酚)∶n(尿素)=15∶1,水杨酰胺的收率达45.1%。     

ZnCl_2/Al_2O_3催化尿素和1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯

以Al2O3为载体,采用浸渍蒸发法制备了负载型ZnCl2/Al2O3固体酸催化剂,将其应用于催化尿素和1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯,采用XRD、FTIR等手段分析了ZnCl2与载体Al2O3的结合情况,考察了原料配比、反应温度、催化剂用量、反应时间等条件对反应效果的影响。结果表明,在最佳反应条件下,碳酸丙烯酯的收率可达68.2%。     

尿素醇解法合成碳酸乙烯酯及精制工艺研究

以尿素和乙二醇(EG)为原料,在复配催化剂作用下,合成了碳酸乙烯酯(EC)。考察了原料配比、催化剂用量、反应温度及反应时间等工艺条件对反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件:n(尿素)∶n(EG)=1∶1.2,催化剂质量分数为2.6%,反应温度为135℃,反应时间为4.5h,并对后续精制过程中遇到的催化剂分离及物料聚合问题进行了重点探讨。     

尿素催化合成乙酰水杨酸

以水杨酸和乙酸酐为原料,采用尿素作催化剂合成乙酰水杨酸。考察了温度、尿素用量、n(水杨酸)∶n(乙酸酐)和时间对反应的影响。正交试验结果表明,较适宜的反应条件为:n(水杨酸)∶n(乙酸酐)=1∶3,尿素用量为水杨酸质量的5%,反应温度85℃,反应时间60 min,此条件下,乙酰水杨酸收率达94.06%。     

高氯酸-离子液体复合催化油酸聚合反应工艺

将高氯酸分别溶解于[(C2mim)BF4]、[(C4mim)BF4]和[(C8mim)BF4]制备了3种酸性离子液体复合催化剂,用于催化油酸的聚合反应,结果表明：[HClO4-(C4mim)BF4]的催化效果最佳。以[HClO4-(C4mim)BF4]为催化剂,考察了n(油酸)∶n(高氯酸)∶n(月桂酸)∶n[(C4mim)BF4]、反应温度和反应时间等条件对反应结果的影响。在n(油酸)∶n(高氯酸)∶n(月桂酸)∶n[(C4mim)BF4]＝1∶0.7∶0.5∶0.5、45 ℃、24 h 的较佳工艺条件下,交内酯（estolides）的收率88％,倾点－17 ℃。此催化剂可以循环利用5次,实现了交内脂的绿色合成。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.