添加大麦若叶粉对粳米粉面包的影响

采用质构仪、拉伸仪、色差仪等设备,研究粳米粉面包原料的合适配比及添加大麦若叶粉的影响。通过对米面混合粉面团品质分析,发现东北粳米粉持水性略低于高筋小麦粉,混合粉中粳米粉占比越多,面团持水性越弱;粳米粉面团拉伸特性指标与米面混合粉面团相比较差,粳米粉占比大会导致面包组织粗糙、口感不佳。结果表明：粳米粉与高筋小麦粉质量配比为4∶8时,混合粉面团延伸性较好;在120 g米面混合粉中添加大麦若叶粉2.5 g,膳食纤维含量更高,脂肪和麸质蛋白含量较低,面包具有独特的大麦若叶风味,感官评价较好,更加适合减肥人群和麸质敏感人群食用。     

不同原料复配对双螺杆挤压马铃薯年糕品质的影响

本研究通过在粳米粉、糯米粉、籼米粉中分别添加不同比例的马铃薯全粉,在特定双螺杆挤压条件下测定不同原料配比对挤压年糕品质特性的影响。研究结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加比例的增加,糯米、籼米和粳米3组年糕L*值均减小,b*值均增大;添加马铃薯全粉后,糯米组年糕蒸煮损失最大,籼米组次之,粳米组最小,且随着马铃薯全粉添加比例的增加,蒸煮损失均逐渐增大。马铃薯全粉的添加使得3组年糕硬度、咀嚼性增加;糯米组粘性增加,但弹性没有显著性变化;粳米组粘弹性先增加后减小,在马铃薯全粉添加量为40%时,其粘弹性值达到最大。扫描电镜结果表明,糯米年糕结构较疏松,粳米年糕和籼米年糕结构较紧实,添加马铃薯全粉使得年糕结构更加紧实。感官评价结果表明,粳米组得分较高。综合以上结果,以粳米粉为原料,马铃薯全粉添加量为40%时,双螺杆挤压年糕食用品质较好。     

响应面法优化无麸质谷物馒头制备工艺条件及其质构特性研究

以玉米粉、糯米粉和大豆粉为原料,制作无麸质谷物馒头。采用单因素试验及响应面法,以感官评分为指标,确定无麸质谷物粉制作馒头的合理配比;在此基础上研究碱性蛋白酶、植物乳杆菌和谷氨酰胺转氨酶对无麸质谷物馒头质构及品质形成的影响。结果表明：3种谷物粉最佳质量比为大豆粉∶糯米粉∶玉米粉=3∶3∶4,在此条件下,碱性蛋白酶添加量为4.5%（酶活4 500 U/g）、植物乳杆菌添加量为2.4%、谷氨酰胺转氨酶添加量为2.3%（酶活2 300 U/g）时,制作出的无麸质谷物馒头品质最佳。     

复配粉理化性质与米线质构性质关系的研究

将粳米粉与绿豆淀粉按照一定比例进行混合,得到粳米粉和绿豆淀粉的复配粉体系,并测定了复配粉体系的溶胀性质、糊化性质、凝胶质构性质和拉伸性质,研究了复配米粉体系的拉伸性质与米线质构性质的关系。结果表明:随着绿豆淀粉添加量比例的增加,复配米粉体系的总直链淀粉含量、可溶性直链淀粉含量和不溶性直链淀粉含量明显增加,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、末值黏度、硬度也显著性增加,咀嚼性、拉伸强度和表观弹性模量显著增加,85℃下的溶解度和膨润力显著上升;糊化温度显著降低;衰减值和回生值分别比粳米粉高了33.73 RVU和50.60 RVU;与单一体系相比,由复配粉体系制成的米线呈现较好的硬度、弹性、韧性、蒸煮性和物理性质。当绿豆淀粉∶粳米粉为1∶1时,其制得的米粉的质构性质最好。     

不同品种小麦粉对马铃薯面条食用品质的影响

为筛选出适宜加工马铃薯面条的小麦粉品种,本研究比较分析了双福02-1、永良4、奎冬5、济南17、山农15和新冬18六种不同品种小麦粉对马铃薯面条蒸煮损失、拉伸特性、TPA质构特性的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜对其内部结构进行观察。结果表明:在马铃薯全粉添加量20%,小麦粉添加量80%,面团含水量35%的条件下,济南17和山农15两种小麦粉制得马铃薯面条的蒸煮损失、拉伸特性、质构特性等品质指标均显著优于其他4种小麦粉。扫描电镜结果表明,济南17和山农15马铃薯干面内部结构更加致密,空隙率更小。由双福02-1、永良4小麦粉制得马铃薯面条感官品质整体较差。综合以上结果,六种小麦粉中济南17和山农15较适合制作马铃薯面条,而双福02-1和永良4制作的马铃薯面条加工适应性较差。     

复配膳食纤维对低盐香肠食用品质的影响

以猪肉香肠为研究对象,研究低盐条件下（竹盐添加量1.75%）复配膳食纤维（低聚果糖、菊粉、燕麦粉质量比1∶2∶1）完全替代淀粉对低盐香肠食用品质的影响。以感官评价、质构特性、蒸煮损失和色泽等食用品质为评价指标,确定低盐条件下复配膳食纤维的最佳添加量,并与1.75%精制盐淀粉香肠、复配膳食纤维香肠比较食用品质差异。结果表明：添加8%复配膳食纤维的竹盐香肠总体可接受性最高,香肠组织致密、切面整齐、呈肉红色、香味浓郁、鲜美多汁、质地柔软且富有弹性;复配膳食纤维添加量为5%、11%、14%时,香肠总体可接受性相对较差,风味稍差;复配膳食纤维的添加量由5%增加至14%,蒸煮损失由11.28%减小至8.38%;用复配膳食纤维替代淀粉,香肠质地变软,风味、口感评分增加,蒸煮损失由5.71%增加至9.07%。综上可知,复配膳食纤维添加量影响香肠食用品质,添加8%复配膳食纤维的竹盐香肠食用品质最高。     

西米品质特性研究

以粳米、糯米为对照,西米为试验材料,观察其淀粉颗粒形貌,并研究其食用品质、蒸煮特性、理化特性以及抗消化性。结果表明,西米淀粉颗粒为椭球体,颗粒大于粳米、糯米淀粉颗粒;粳米、糯米淀粉颗粒为多面体结构,表面较光滑;西米蒸煮品质、食味品质优于粳米和糯米;3种米粉的溶解度和膨胀度随温度的升高呈增大趋势,其中西米粉与糯米粉相差不大,高于粳米粉;西米粉、粳米粉、糯米粉的析水率分别为61.01%,51.17%,19.71%,西米粉的冻融稳定性低于糯米粉、粳米粉;西米抗性淀粉含量(13.54%)显著低于粳米(27.38%),高于糯米(3.82%)。     

桑叶粉添加量对鲜榨米品质及降糖效果的影响

针对糖尿病人食用米饭后血糖快速上升,因而米饭无法主食化的问题。试验在重组米研究基础上,通过双螺杆挤压技术,开发出鲜杂粮粉压榨成型米(简称"鲜榨米")。桑叶粉具有良好降血糖效果,因此试验以大米粉、玉米粉、谷朊粉为辅料,探究桑叶粉添加量对鲜榨米品质及降糖效果的影响。通过测定内部结构、蒸煮品质、质构特性等指标筛选出配比最优的降血糖鲜榨米,测试其可利用碳水化合物水解速率,与原米进行比较明确其生物有效性。结果表明:添加5%桑叶粉时降糖鲜榨米的内部结构最为致密、平滑,质构特性的各项指标适中,感官评价得分最高,经过试验数据换算得其GI值仅为76.38%,较原米下降了18.23%,降血糖效果显著。所以当桑叶粉添加量为5%时,降糖鲜榨米品质最佳,餐后血糖升降系数低,适合高血糖人群食用。     

紫米与籼米复配比对复配粉性质及紫米粉丝品质的影响

本文通过混配高直链淀粉的籼米粉来改善紫米粉性质,研究复配粉不同配比对原料性质及紫米粉丝品质的影响。将紫米粉与籼米粉按照一定比例进行复配并制作粉丝,以复配粉的直链淀粉含量、溶解度、膨润力、胶稠度、糊化及凝胶特性为理化性质测定指标,以紫米粉丝的蒸煮、花色苷含量及保留率与感官品质为评价指标,得到了优选原料粉复配比例为籼米粉:紫米粉为8:2。在该配比下,复配粉的直链淀粉含量由紫米粉的15.75 g/100 g增加到26.86 g/100 g,溶解度降低为6.24 g/100 g,膨润力减少为6.80 g/g,胶稠度由中软稠度变为硬稠度,低谷黏度、最终黏度与回生值增大,凝胶硬度与持水性增大,粘结性与失重率降低。上述原料性质的变化增强了紫米粉丝凝胶的结构强度,降低了其粘性,优化了其水合性质,最终改善紫米粉丝品质。最适配比下制作的紫米粉丝品质为:复水时间为508 s,断条率为9.67%,蒸煮损失率为34.37%,蒸煮品质与市售米粉丝水平相近,花色苷含量为18.36 mg/100 g,保留率达到65.68%,颜色紫红,带有紫米清香,软硬适中。     

苦荞麦营养保健面条的研究

以苦荞-小麦混合粉制作面条,研究了不同比例的苦荞粉和添加剂(明胶,海藻酸钠和CMC)对苦荞面条加工特性的影响,并采用正交试验优化了苦荞面条的加工工艺.结果表明,随着苦荞粉添加比例的增加,面条的断条率逐渐增大,烹调损失也逐渐增加,面条的品质随之变差;三种添加剂的使用均可改善面条的蒸煮品质,其中CMC的效果最好;当苦荞粉与小麦粉的比例为3:7时,按混合粉质量分别添加0.55%的CMC添加剂、35%的水及1%的食盐,经和面、熟化、压面、切条与干燥工艺,可制得品质较好的面条.     

Development of gluten-free fresh egg pasta analogues containing buckwheat

To improve the use of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), characterized by interesting nutritional properties, it could be used in pasta formulations. In particular, as buckwheat is devoid of the gluten-forming proteins, it might be an ingredient for celiac patient food. The aim of this study was to develop both fresh egg pastas integrated with buckwheat and fresh egg pasta analogues classifiable as gluten-free, based on buckwheat and rice flours. Matter loss in the cooking water and weight increase during cooking of buckwheat pasta were higher than those of a reference sample made of common wheat flour. As buckwheat integration increased, sample break strain was significantly lower, as a result of the progressive reduction in gluten content. In the production of gluten-free pasta analogues, wheat flour was substituted with rice flour, precooked rice flour or pregelatinized rice starch. Since samples containing precooked rice flour gave the best results, in terms of workability, break strain and weight increase during cooking, they were also produced on an industrial scale. Industrial gluten-free fresh egg pasta analogues were tougher and less deformable in comparison with the laboratory-produced samples. These results were determined by the presence of the double thermal pasteurisation treatment, which allows to obtain a better structure of the product, showing also a lower matter loss during cooking.     

Formulation of pasta from rice brokens: optimization of ingredient levels using response surface methodology

Rice brokens were utilized in the development of pasta products. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of pregelatinized rice flour (from rice brokens), vital gluten, water, glycerol monostearate (GMS) and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) on the quality responses (sensory, cooking quality, rehydration ratio and solids loss) of the pasta product. A rotatable central-composite design was used to develop models for the responses. Responses were affected most by changes in rice flour and vital gluten levels and to a lesser extent by water, GMS and CMC levels. The maximum sensory score, cooking quality, rehydration ratio and minimum solids loss were identified at 682.54 g/kg rice flour, 235.85 g/kg water, 70.70 g/kg vital gluten, 1.59 g/kg GMS and 9.33 g/kg CMC level.     

Functional and thermorheological properties of rice flour gels for gluten-free pasta applications

Based on the European Commission directives on circular economy, this work explores the functional and thermorheological properties of rice flour from broken kernels, a by-product from the rice industry, in order to evaluate its possible use in food applications, back into the value chain. Chemical and hydration properties of two rice varieties (Guiana – Indica spp, Ariete – Japonica spp) were accessed, as well as the impact of the rice variety on the texture and viscoelasticity of rice flour gels (6–26%). Both rice varieties presented statistically different physicochemical properties (protein, lipid and amylose contents), and hydration properties that support the distinct texture and rheology behaviour of gels obtained. Rheology results suggested the formation of a gel-network structure with high frequency dependence, especially at lower rice concentrations. Texture results suggest that both rice varieties could be suited for development of gluten-free products that require pre-gelatinised starch, such as pasta. The effect of gelatinised rice flour (10–25%) and gelatinised flour/rice flour ratio (40:60, 50:50, 60:40) on the physical properties and cooking quality of pasta were assessed. Better overall cooking quality and texture properties were obtained for the formulation with 20% gelatinised rice flour and 50:50 rice gel:rice flour ratio.     

Effect of semolina replacement with a raw:popped amaranth flour blend on cooking quality and texture of pasta

The replacement of semolina (SEM) with raw:popped (90:10) amaranth flour blend (AFB) in pasta making at 25, 50, 75, and 100 g/100 g levels (flour basis, 14 g of water/100 g) was carried out to evaluate the effects on cooking quality and texture of the supplemented pasta samples. Significant differences on cooking quality characteristics and texture of the pasta samples were observed. The pasta solid loss increased, weight gain and firmness decreased as the AFB level increased. The semolina pasta showed the lowest solid loss (7 g/100 g) and the highest weight gain (188.3 g/100 g) and firmness (1.49 N), whereas the amaranth blend pasta was the softer (around half of the firmness of semolina pasta) and lost the higher amount of solids (11.5 g/100 g). The raw and popped AFB was suitable for increasing the nutritional quality through dietary fiber and high quality protein and even to obtain gluten-free pasta with acceptable cooking quality (solid loss of 3.5 g/100 g higher than that considered as acceptable for semolina pasta). The amaranth blend used in this study enables the partial or total replacement of wheat semolina in pastas with acceptable cooking quality and texture.     

Gluten-free pasta production from banana and cassava flours with egg white protein and soy protein addition

Egg white protein and soy protein were incorporated into a banana and cassava flour blend (75:25) to produce gluten-free pasta. The objectives of study were to investigate the effects of the different protein sources on the physico-chemical properties of gluten-free pasta. The levels of protein inclusion were 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of composite flour (w/w) for each type of protein. Pasta made from 100% durum wheat semolina was used as controls. The protein fortification affected the total starch, resistant starch and protein content of gluten-free pasta compared to semolina pasta. No significant effects of soy/egg white protein addition were found in either insoluble or soluble dietary fibre content. Cooking properties of pasta (optimum cooking time, swelling index, water adsorption index and cooking loss) and texture properties (firmness and extensibility) were affected by the level of protein addition and the type of protein. Results showed the utilisation of 25% cassava flour and protein inclusion have a promising application in gluten-free pasta production.     

Optimization of Gluten-Free Bread Prepared from Cornstarch, Rice Flour, and Cassava Starch

ABSTRACT: The proportions of cornstarch, cassava starch, and rice flour were optimized for production of gluten-free bread (with 0% and 0.5% soy flour) to maximize specific volume (Y₁,Y₁'), crumb-grain score (Y₂,Y₂'), and bread score (Y₃,Y₃'). A central composite design involving cornstarch/cassava starch ratio (X₁) and rice flour/cassava starch ratio (X₂) was used, and 2nd-order models for Y₁ and Y₁' were employed to generate response surfaces. The maxima of response surfaces for crumb-grain score and bread score indicate that optimal gluten-free bread can be prepared from 74.2% cornstarch, 17.2% rice flour, and 8.6% cassava starch. Addition of soy flour at the 0.5% level also improved bread texture.     

Cooking and texture properties of gluten‐free fettuccine processed from defatted flaxseed flour and rice flour

Nonconventional raw materials have been applied in gluten‐free pasta, to meet the demand of people with coeliac disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cooking properties and texture of pasta formulated with rice flour, defatted flaxseed flour and pregelatinised mixed flour of rice and flaxseed (80:20). For this experiment, simplex design was used. Cooking properties and texture were found within the quality limits established for this type of product. The pasta with the most desirable properties (short optimum cooking time (OCT), less solid loss (SL) and intermediate mass increase (MI)) was that one formulated with 43 g 100 g^?1 of pregelatinised flour, 47 g 100 g^?1 of rice flour and 10 g 100 g^?1 of defatted flaxseed flour. This formulation can be characterised as a food rich in dietary fibre and of high nutritional value.     

Effect of dry- and wet-milled rice flours on the quality attributes of gluten-free dough and noodles

The rheological and cooking properties of gluten-free noodles prepared with dry- and wet-milled rice flours were characterized. Dry-milled rice flour with a higher degree of starch damage exhibited greater water hydration properties than wet-milled rice flour at room temperature. However, the pasting results of rice flour suspensions demonstrated that wet-milled rice flour showed a higher value of peak viscosity due to its great swelling power upon starch gelatinization. The similar thermo-mechanical tendency was observed in a rice dough system by Mixolab. In the planar extensional test, the noodle dough sample prepared with dry-milled rice flour exhibited higher elongational viscosity which could be favorably correlated to more resistance of dry-milled rice noodle strands to extension. When rice noodles were cooked, increased cooking loss was observed in dry-milled rice noodles which was attributed to great water solubility derived from a higher degree of starch damage.     

Structuring and texturing gluten-free pasta: egg albumen or whey proteins?

The effects of adding egg albumen or whey proteins to pasta made from parboiled rice flour (PR) were investigated. Pasta quality was evaluated in terms of color, furosine content, and cooking properties (water absorption, cooking loss, and consistency at the optimal cooking time). The surface heterogeneity of the cooked and uncooked materials was studied, and some starch properties (pasting properties and starch susceptibility to α-amylase hydrolysis) were assessed, along with the features of the protein network as determined by conditional solubility studies and with ultrastructural features of the cooked products. Egg albumen improved pasta appearance and gave a product with low cooking loss, firmer, and nutritionally more valuable than the other ones. In albumen-enriched pasta, small starch granules appear homogeneously surrounded by a protein network. In the uncooked product, the protein network is stabilized mostly by hydrophobic interactions, but additional disulfide interprotein bonds form upon cooking. Thus, addition of 15 % liquid albumen to PR results in significant improvement of the textural and structural features of rice-based gluten-free pasta.