镍—磷—纳米颗粒化学复合底的研究现状及发展

综述了近年来镍-磷-纳米颗粒化学复合镀的研究情况。阐述了镍-磷--纳米颗粒化学复合镀的机理，镀液中各成分的作用，纳米颗粒的分散，纳米复合镀层的结构和性能。指出了纳米化学复合镀在今后的研究方向-纳米颗粒的分散和功能性复合镀层。     

镍基纳米复合镀层的研究进展

综述了镍基纳米复合镀层的研究现状。阐述了复合镀层的沉积机理、纳米微粒在复合镀层中的作用机理、纳米微粒在镍基镀液中的分散以及镍基纳米复合镀层的种类和性能。指出了纳米复合镀技术研究中存在的问题和发展方向。     

化学复合镀镍-磷-氧化铝工艺研究

为进一步提高化学镀镍磷合金层的性能，在镀液中加入氧化铝粒子制度得镍－磷－氧化铝复合镀层。研究了镀液中各成分及操作条件对镀速的影响，并对镀层的组织结构和性能进行了测试。结果表明，该工艺镀液稳定性好，所得复合镀层的硬度和耐磨性优于镍磷合金镀层。     

空气搅拌对n-Al2O3/Ni-P化学复合镀层性能的影响

针对纳米化学复合镀施镀过程中纳米颗粒分散问题,设计并研制了可控制空气流量的搅拌装置,研究了空气搅拌强度对n-Al2O3/Ni-P化学复合镀层性能的影响.结果表明,空气搅拌强化了纳米颗粒在镀层中的分散.搅拌强度为80 L/h时,纳米化学复合镀层最致密,为典型的胞状结构,镀层中纳米Al2O3含量达到1.13%,镀层硬度可达628 HV,镀层孔隙率等级为9级.极化曲线显示,纳米化学复合镀层的自腐蚀电流(9.963 μA/cm2)远远小于Ni-P镀层,具有更优异的耐蚀性.     

化学复合镀中金刚石颗粒的分散对复合镀层性能的影响

通过数值仿真,研究了镀槽结构与搅拌速率对镀液流场和镀液中金刚石颗粒分布特性的影响,并制备了镍–磷–金刚石复合镀层,研究了镀槽结构与搅拌速率对镀层中金刚石含量、粒径分布以及镀层显微硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明,镀槽中添加挡板和提高搅拌速率,可以明显改善镀液流场的均匀性,有利于金刚石颗粒在镀液与镀层中的分散与均匀分布,显著提高复合镀层的显微硬度与耐磨性;当镀槽中有挡板、搅拌速率为600 r/min时,所制备的微米金刚石–镍–磷复合镀层经400°C热处理1 h后,显微硬度高达1 442 HV,镀层几乎无磨损。     

空气搅拌对n-Al_2O_3/Ni–P化学复合镀层性能的影响

针对纳米化学复合镀施镀过程中纳米颗粒分散问题,设计并研制了可控制空气流量的搅拌装置,研究了空气搅拌强度对n-Al2O3/Ni–P化学复合镀层性能的影响。结果表明,空气搅拌强化了纳米颗粒在镀层中的分散。搅拌强度为80L/h时,纳米化学复合镀层最致密,为典型的胞状结构,镀层中纳米Al2O3含量达到1.13%,镀层硬度可达628HV,镀层孔隙率等级为9级。极化曲线显示,纳米化学复合镀层的自腐蚀电流(9.963μA/cm2)远远小于Ni–P镀层,具有更优异的耐蚀性。     

镍-钴合金镀层研究进展

镍-钴合金镀层由于其性能优异,被广泛用于零部件的表面装饰与防护。近年来在纳米复合技术发展的基础上,镍-钴合金镀层获得了新的研究和应用。简述了电沉积镍-钴合金的沉积原理,重点综述了镍-钴合金镀层主流镀液体系、镀层性能和镀层的最新进展,并对镍-钴纳米复合镀层的发展进行了展望。     

分散方法对纳米颗粒化学复合镀层组织及性能的影响

研究了多种分散方法对纳米复合镀层中的纳米颗粒分散性的作用;探讨了力学的、物理的及化学的方法对复合镀层的纳米粒子复合的影响以及对复合镀导同硬度等性能的影响。结果表明超声波分散方法可以使纳米粒子充分分散、分布较均匀,而且镀层复合量也较高,从而使镀层表现出较好的组织及性能。     

(Ni-P)-Co/WC纳米颗粒复合电刷镀层的组织性能分析

采用电刷镀技术制备(N i-P)-Co/W C纳米颗粒复合镀层,用扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射仪和电子探针测定了复合刷镀层表面形貌、微观组织结构及成分分布。结果显示,复合镀层中的组织结构更加致密,显微硬度比镍-磷合金镀层有较大程度的提高。     

(Ni-P)-纳米TiO2微粒化学复合镀层的摩擦特性

通过对化学镀Ni-P合金,化学复合镀（Ni-P)-微米SiC微粒复合镀层和化学复合镀（Ni-P)-纳米TiO2微粒复合镀层研究与比较,探讨了化学复合镀（Ni-P)-纳米TiO2微粒复合镀层的摩擦学特性;研究发现化学复合镀（Ni-P)-纳米TiO2微粒复合镀层由于其良好的组织与性能,滑动磨损过程中具有低的摩擦系数和高的耐磨性。这种良好的摩擦学特性在高载荷下更为突出。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。