沙棘油和亚硒酸钠对汞诱导的大鼠肝肾氧化损伤的影响

目的通过汞诱导大鼠肝肾氧化损伤,观察沙棘油(Sea Buckthorn Oil,SBO)和亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)干预效应。方法Wister大鼠随机分成对照组、单纯染汞组、SBO和Na2SeO3处理组。测定肝、肾及尿中汞含量,肝、肾中GSH、MDA、蛋白含量和SOD、GSH-PX活力。结果与单纯染汞组相比,SBO处理组尿汞含量增加(P<0.05),肝GSH-PX活力升高(P<0.01);Na2SeO3处理组肝汞增加,肾和尿汞含量下降,肝GSH-PX活力、GSH含量均升高(P<0.01),肝SOD活力和肾GSH-PX活力均增加(P<0.05),肾MDA含量下降(P<0.05)。结论沙棘油具有促进汞从肾脏排出的作用,对汞诱导的肝氧化损伤具有一定保护作用,对肾氧化损伤未表现出明显的保护作用。Na2SeO3可有效拮抗汞诱导的肝肾氧化损伤作用。     

姜黄素对汞致大鼠肾损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨姜黄素对汞致大鼠肾损伤的影响,为汞中毒的发病机制和防治提供实验依据。方法 Wistar大鼠30只按体重随机分为5组,每组6只,雌雄各半。分别为对照组、低剂量染汞组、中剂量染汞组、高剂量染汞组和姜黄素预处理组。1~4组大鼠予皮下注射0.9%氯化钠溶液,第5组大鼠给予皮下注射100 mg/kg姜黄素;2 h后,第1组腹腔注射生理盐水,第2~5组大鼠分别腹腔注射2.2、4.4、8.8和8.8μmol/kg氯化汞溶液,连续干预与染毒3 d。第3天染毒2 h后将动物放入代谢笼,收集24 h尿液测定尿汞和尿蛋白含量,以及尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力;用乙醚将大鼠麻醉,腹主动脉采血测定血清尿素氮(BUN);切取肾皮质,测定肾皮质汞、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力。结果与对照组比较,随着染汞剂量的增加,肾皮质汞、尿汞、尿蛋白和BUN含量均升高;尿NAG、LDH和ALP活力均升高;肾皮质GSH和MDA含量明显升高而GSH-Px和SOD活力显著下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。姜黄素预处理组与高剂量氯化汞染毒组比较,各项指标均有不同程度的改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论姜黄素对汞致大鼠肾损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

氯丙嗪和维拉帕米对大鼠镉肾毒性的影响(英文)

目的研究氯丙嗪(CPZ)和维拉帕米(Ver)对由镉引起的大鼠肾毒性是否有预防作用。方法32只大鼠随机分成4组,分别为对照组、单纯染镉组、CPZ和Ver预处理组。单纯染镉组大鼠sc7μmol·kg-1氯化镉;CPZ和Ver预处理组分别ipCPZ5mg·kg-1和Ver4mg·kg-1,1h后sc7μmol·kg-1氯化镉;对照组在相应时间内给予生理盐水,注射容量均为2mL·kg-1。最后一次注射24h后,收集24h尿样,测定尿乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、尿蛋白、尿镉、肾镉和肾皮质中的Na+K+ATP酶,Ca2+ATP酶和蛋白激酶C(PKC)的活性。结果单纯染镉组与对照组比较,尿镉和肾镉含量明显升高。CPZ和Ver预处理组尿镉明显低于单纯染镉组,但肾镉无明显变化。与对照组比较,单纯染镉组尿LDH活性、尿蛋白和肾皮质中的Na+K+ATP酶,Ca2+ATP酶和PKC活性明显升高。CPZ和Ver预处理组大鼠尿LDH活性、尿蛋白和肾皮质中的Na+K+ATP酶,Ca2+ATP酶和PKC活性明显低于单纯染镉组。结论镉能激活Na+K+ATP酶,Ca2+ATP酶和PKC的活性,而且,CPZ和Ver均可不同程度地减轻肾毒性。     

D-青霉胺和二巯丙磺酸钠对汞致大鼠肾毒性的影响

目的　研究预投D- 青霉胺 (D- penicillamine ,DPA)和二巯丙磺酸钠 (2 ,3 - Dimercato 1 Propanesulfonate ,DMPS)对汞致急性肾毒性的保护作用及其机制。方法　 48只Wistar大鼠随机分成 6组。第 1组以 5mL/kg体重皮下注射质量分数为 0 . 9%的氯化钠溶液 ,第 2、3和 4组分别皮下注射 0 .75、1.5和 2 .5mg kgHgCl2 溶液。第 5、6组大鼠分别腹腔注射2 0 0 μmoLDMPS和 2 0 0 μmoLDPA ,2h后再投与 2 5mg/kgHgCl2 溶液。染毒 12h后 ,收集 12h尿样 ,测定尿N- 乙酰 - β- D- 氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG)和尿碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)活力、尿蛋白和尿汞含量。染毒 48h后 ,切取肾脏和肝脏 ,分别测定肾脏和肝脏中的丙二醛 (MDA)和谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH- Px)活力、肝脏汞和肾脏汞含量。结果　DMPS显著降低NAG和ALP活力和尿蛋白含量 ;DPA明显降低NAG活力和尿蛋白含量 ,对ALP没有影响。DMPS显著降低肾脏MDA含量 ,而DPA对肾脏MDA含量没有影响。DMPS-和DPA两干预组在肾脏中GSH含量和GSH -Px活力都明显高于 2 . 5mg kg染汞组 ,差异有显著性。DPA能显著降低肾脏汞含量。结论　DMPS比DPA更能有效地保护肾功能。DMPS会显著减轻汞在肾脏的氧化损伤 ,而DPA则没有影响。DMPS和DPA能明显减少肾脏GSH和GSH- Px的耗     

松花粉对急性汞中毒大鼠肝肾的保护作用及机制研究

目的研究松花粉对急性汞中毒大鼠肝肾的保护作用及机制。方法将大鼠随机均分为正常对照组,染汞模型组,松花粉低、中、高剂量组(2、4、8 g/kg)。通过皮下注射HgCl_2建立急性汞中毒模型,末次染汞后,各组分别灌胃给予相应药物,2次/d,共5 d。通过电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,测定肝汞、肾汞、血汞和尿汞的含量。通过试剂盒,测定尿素氮(BUN)、尿蛋白、尿乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP),血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、血清总胆红素(TBIL),以及肝、肾中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量或活性。结果与正常对照组比较,染汞模型组大鼠的肝汞、肾汞、血汞、尿汞、BUN、尿蛋白、尿LDH、尿ALP、血清ALT、血清AST、血清TBIL、肾脏MDA和肝脏MDA含量或活性均升高(P<0.01),肾脏和肝脏SOD、GSH-Px、GSH含量或活性降低(P<0.01)。与染汞模型组比较,松花粉低、中、高剂量组大鼠的尿汞含量增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),上述其余指标均能显著地向正常对照组的数值变化(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论松花粉具有清除体内汞蓄积、修复急性汞中毒诱导的急性肝肾损伤的作用,其机制与抑制脂质过氧化损伤相关。     

硒对镉致脂质过氧化与金属硫蛋白诱导合成的影响

目的 比较亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)与硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)对镉(Cd)毒性的拮抗效应，探讨脂质过氧化及金属硫蛋白(MT)的诱导合成在硒(Se)拮抗Cd毒性作用中的意义，为镉中毒的防护提供依据。方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠36只，随机分6组。I组为正常对照组，Ⅱ组为Cd中毒组，Ⅲ组为Na2SeO3组，Ⅳ组为SeMet组，V组为Cd Na2SeO3组，Ⅶ组为Cd SeMet组。Cd按100μmol／kg体重，Se(Na2SeO3及SeMet)按10μmol／kg体重的剂量隔日1次经口灌胃，其中V组和Ⅵ组按先Se后Cd交替灌胃。Se、Cd均灌胃15次。实验时间为30d。结果 单独给Cd组大鼠肝脏和肾脏MT水平升高，而血清MT出现降低；2种Se化合物均使大鼠肾脏和肝脏MT含量轻度增高，但2个Se加cd组与单独给Cd组比较，MT水平差异不显著；染Cd大鼠仅见血清脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高，而2种Se化合物对其没有明显影响；无论是单独给Se组(Ⅲ、Ⅳ)，还是Se加Cd组(V、Ⅵ)，大鼠全血、肝脏及肾脏GSH-Px活力均明显增高。结论 Se能在一定程度上诱导机体合成MT，但在Se拮抗Cd毒性作用中MT的诱导合成可能不起主要作用；Se能提高机体的抗氧化能力。对拮抗Cd毒性具有一定的作用；SeMet与Na2SeO3对诱导MT的合成及提高GSH-Px的活力，其效应基本相似。     

牛磺酸和维生素C对锰致大鼠氧化损伤的拮抗作用

目的探讨牛磺酸(Tau)和维生素C(Vit-C)对锰致大鼠氧化损伤的影响,为阐明锰中毒的发病机制和防治提供依据。方法 Wistar大鼠32只,随机分为4组,分别为对照组、单纯染锰组、Tau和Vit-C干预组。对照组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,其余各组腹腔注射29.685 mg/kg Mn Cl2溶液。腹腔注射后2h,对照组和单纯染锰组大鼠隔日皮下注射生理盐水,Tau干预组隔日皮下注射125.15 mg/kg Tau,Vit-C干预组隔日皮下注射704.52 mg/kg Vit-C。每周染锰5次,1次/d,染毒4周。共计染锰20次,Tau和Vit-C干预各10次。测定肝、脑和肾组织还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力。结果与对照组比较,单纯染锰组大鼠肝脏、脑和肾组织MDA含量增加,肝肾组织GSH含量降低。脑组织GSH含量和GSH-Px活力有下降趋势,但统计学差异不明显。Tau干预组大鼠与单纯染锰组相比,肝脏、脑和肾组织MDA含量下降,GSH含量增加。脑和肾组织GSHPx活力增高,脑组织SOD活力增高。Vit-C干预组大鼠与单纯染锰组相比,大鼠肝脏MDA含量有下降趋势,脑和肾组织MDA含量明显下降。虽然大鼠肝脏、脑和肾组织GSH含量增加,但统计学差异不明显。仅肝组织GSH-Px活力明显增加。结论锰可使大鼠产生氧化损伤,Tau和Vit-C对锰致大鼠氧化损伤有一定的拮抗作用。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对甲基汞致大鼠脑皮质氧化损伤和谷氨酸代谢障碍的影响

目的研究甲基汞致大鼠脑氧化损伤与谷氨酸代谢障碍的关系,探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)对甲基汞致大鼠神经毒性的防护作用。方法 40只Wistar大鼠按体重随机分成4组:对照组、4和12μmol/kg MeHg组及NAC预处理组。第1～3组皮下注射生理盐水,第4组皮下注射1 mmol/kg NAC;2 h后,第1组腹腔注射生理盐水,第2和3组分别腹腔注射4和12μmol/kg MeHg,第4组腹腔注射12μmol/kg MeHg,注射剂量均为5 ml/kg。干预隔日1次,染毒每日1次,连续干预与染毒4周。最后一次染毒24 h后,处死大鼠取其大脑皮质,测定汞、GSH、MDA、Glu、Gln、ROS含量,SOD、GSH-Px、PAG、GS活力,以及细胞凋亡率。结果随着染汞剂量的增大,脑皮质汞的含量也随之增大,GSH和Gln的含量降低,MDA、Glu和ROS的含量升高,SOD、GSH-Px和GS的活力降低,PAG的活力升高,细胞凋亡率增大;NAC预处理组与高剂量染汞组比较,上述指标均得到不同程度的拮抗。结论甲基汞可导致脑氧化损伤和谷氨酸代谢障碍,二者相互联系、相互促进;NAC对甲基汞所致氧化损伤和谷氨酸代谢障碍具有一定的防护作用。     

银杏黄酮对卡铂所致大鼠肾损害的防护作用

目的研究银杏黄酮(GBE)对卡铂(CBDCA)肾毒性的防护作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法灌胃给予大鼠GBE后腹腔内注射CBDCA,检测肾脏系数、血清尿素氮(BUN)及尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、血还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)与肾皮质丙二醛(MDA)及线粒体谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)及尿与肾皮质铂含量,观察GBE的防护作用的剂量依赖关系和经时过程。结果250、500和750mg/kgGBE预处理后第5天,CBDCA所致大鼠肾脏系数、NAG活性和BUN含量增高均不同程度减轻;500mg/kg组GBE预处理的效果最明显,该组肾脏系数、NAG活性和BUN含量分别为(0.79±0.12)g/100g、(15.86±3.28)U/gCre和(9.27±3.77)mmol/L,而CBDCA组这3项指标分别为(0.96±0.22)g/100g、(23.58±5.45)U/gCre和(31.08±15.00)mmol/L,上述各项指标两组间的差异有显著性(P<0.05或0.01)。GBE预处理可抑制CBDCA引起的MDA形成增高,GSH含量和GSH-Px活性下降,并能降低CBDCA所致大鼠肾皮质铂含量增高,促进铂经尿排泄。结论GBE有明显预防CBDCA的肾毒性,其部分机制为抗氧化作用,还可能与促进铂清除有关。     

镉诱发大鼠肾重吸收钙障碍的机理(英文)

给雄性Wistar大鼠sc不同剂量的镉金属硫蛋白(CdMT),结果表明镉接触组尿镉、尿钙和尿蛋白浓度都高于对照组,并与镉剂量间存在剂量效应关系,而血清游离钙浓度无变化;镉接触组肾皮质钠泵和钙泵活性低于对照组,体外试验结果也显示镉能抑制钙泵活性,谷胱甘肽(GSH)和半胱氨酸对这种抑制有保护作用}镉接触组肾皮质GSH含量低于对照组,而丙二醛(MDA)含量则高于对照组,高剂量组肾皮质cAMP/cGMP比值低于对照组。肾皮质钙泵活性、cAMP/cGMP比值、GSH含量三者都与尿钙浓度间呈负相关,MDA含量则与尿钙呈正相关,揭示镉引起的钙尿症是由肾重吸收钙障碍造成的,可能与镉引起的肾脏钠泵、钙泵、环核苷酸、GSH和脂质过氧化等改变有关。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.