SiO_2微粉加入量对ρ-Al_2O_3微粉结合刚玉浇注料的影响

在ρ-Al2O3微粉结合刚玉浇注料中分别加入2%和5%的SiO2微粉,制成40 mm×40 mm×160 mm的试样,分别经110℃24 h、1 200 ℃ 3 h和1 500℃3 h热处理后,测定试样的常温抗折强度;在上述配比的基础上去掉其中的骨料,制成15 mm×15 mm×55 mm的基质试样,分别经110℃24 h、1 200℃1 h和1 500℃1 h热处理后,采用扫描电镜分析试样的显微结构.结果表明:1)加入SiO2微粉可以显著提高ρ-Al2O3微粉结合刚玉浇注料在110℃24 h、1 200℃3 h和1 500℃3 h条件下热处理后的常温抗折强度,SiO2微粉加入量以2%(w)为佳;2)SiO2微粉水化后形成网状絮凝结构以及在中高温处理过程中SiO2微粉与ρ-Al2O3微粉反应生成莫来石,是导致含SiO2微粉的ρ-Al2O3微粉结合刚玉浇注料常温抗折强度增大的原因.     

热处理温度对刚玉-尖晶石质浇注料性能的影响

以板状刚玉为骨料(粒度8～3,3～1和≤1 mm),板状刚玉细粉、活性氧化铝微粉(d<,50>=2.26 μm,w(Al<,2>O<,3>)>99%)、镁铝尖晶石粉、镁砂(粒度≤0.088 mm,w(MgO)>94.56%)为基质,纯铝酸钙水泥为结合剂,浇注振动成型为40 mm×40 mm×160 mm的样条.研究了不同热处理温度(1 450、1 550、1 600、1 650和1 700℃)对纯铝酸钙水泥结合的刚玉-尖晶石质浇注料性能的影响.采用XRD分析试样基质的相组成,用SEM观察试样显微结构和断口形貌,并用EDS对微区成分进行分析.结果表明:刚玉-尖晶石质浇注料常温抗折强度以及1 300℃风冷热震后抗折强度和强度保持率均随热处理温度的升高先增大后减小,1 600℃3 h热处理试样的抗热震性最好.1 600℃3 h热处理试样中存在作为应力缓冲机制的网状交织结构明显,对热应力的缓冲能力更强,同时,Al<,2>O<,3>在尖晶石中有适当程度的固溶,增强了基质间的结合强度,试样的断裂功增大,有利于提高材料的抗热震性.     

不同微粉对刚玉质浇注料性能的影响研究

在刚玉质低水泥浇注料中分别引入SiO2微粉和Al2O3/SiO2凝胶粉,研究了试样经烘烤(110 ℃×24 h)和烧成(分别为1100 ℃×3 h和1500 ℃×3 h)后的气孔率、体积密度、线变化率、抗折强度及耐压强度等物理性能.研究结果表明:在刚玉质低水泥浇注料中加入Al2O3/SiO2凝胶粉和SiO2微粉均能有效地降低气孔率,提高其体积密度和强度;但微粉的引入使试样的线变化率增大,且随着热处理温度的提高,影响更加显著.微粉的引入可以有效地改善浇注料中物料的填充行为及烧结行为,从而提高浇注料的密度与强度;在浇注料中加入6wt%的SiO2微粉或6wt%的Al2O3/SiO2凝胶粉可使浇注料获得较好的综合物理性能.     

循环流化床锅炉用耐磨浇注料的研制

以工业废瓷(粒度5～3mm、3～1mm、<1mm、≤0.088mm)、特级矾土(≤0.044mm)、氧化铝微粉、硅灰、纯铝酸钙水泥、防爆纤维等为主要原料,按试验配比制成循环流化床锅炉用耐磨浇注料。将配好的物料振动浇注成型为40mm×40mm×160mm的试样,于110℃烘干24h后,分别在900℃、1100℃煅烧3h,冷却至常温。研究了颗粒级配对显气孔率、体积密度、抗折强度、耐压强度、磨损量的影响以及基质组成对抗热震性的影响。结果表明:颗粒级配对浇注料的性能有显著的影响,工业废瓷大颗粒(5～3mm)加入量为21%时综合性能最佳;基质中同时引入7%的堇青石、7%的焦宝石和2%的石英砂时,浇注料的抗热震性最好。     

硅溶胶结合浇注料的特性及工业应用

以致密刚玉和莫来石为骨料,白刚玉粉、矾土粉及α-Al2 O3(≤0.043 mm)微粉为细粉,研制了采用硅溶胶及复合外加剂作结合剂的耐火浇注料,该浇注料制成的试样分别经800℃×3h、1100℃×3h和1400℃×3h热处理后,检测各试样相应的理化指标.结果表明:硅溶胶结合浇注料经1100℃×3h处理后的抗折强度和耐压强度分别达到14.6 MPa和122.4 MPa;经1100℃水冷热震性能测试达到100次以上,在热震测试100次后,试样基本没有出现裂纹,测试其耐压强度损失率仅为18.7％;同时该浇注料还可进行快速烘烤和良好的高温施工性能,简化了干燥和烘烤工艺,有效的缩短了施工养护时间、烘烤时间和钢厂高炉的休风时间,从而提高钢厂经济效益.     

SiO_2微粉对水泥结合刚玉质浇注料中低温化学键变化的影响

以电熔棕刚玉(8~5、5~3、3~1 mm)和电熔白刚玉(≤1、≤0.045 mm)为主要原料,添加α-Al2O3微粉和SiO2微粉制备铝酸钙水泥结合刚玉质浇注料,研究了经110、800和1 000℃热处理后含5%(w)Si O2微粉和不含SiO2微粉浇注料基质中化学键变化与浇注料强度的关系。采用XPS和FTIR研究Si O2微粉与水泥水化产物经110℃烘干和800℃热处理后的化学键变化。结果表明,经110和800℃热处理后,SiO2微粉和水泥水化物之间形成了Si—O—Al结合键。因此,在110~800℃,含Si O2微粉的铝酸钙水泥结合浇注料的强度较高的原因是Si O2微粉与水泥水化物之间形成了Si—O—Al化学键。     

结合剂对Al2O3-MgAl2O4-SiC-C质铁沟浇注料性能的影响

以电熔镁铝尖晶石(粒度为5～3mm、3～1mm)和电熔白刚玉颗粒(粒度<1mm)以及白刚玉细粉、碳化硅细粉、活性αAl2O3微粉、Si粉和球状沥青等为主要原料,在保持基料的配比不变的条件下分别采用铝酸钙水泥(w,3%) SiO2微粉(w,2%)及ρAl2O3(w,4%)为结合剂,振动成型为Al2O3-MgAl2O4-SiC-C试样,室温养护24h后脱模,分别于110℃24h、1100℃3h和1500℃3h(埋炭)条件下热处理,然后测定试样的体积密度、显气孔率、线变化率、抗折强度、耐压强度和抗渣性。试验结果表明:铝酸钙水泥 SiO2微粉结合的浇注料流动性较好,经110℃24h、1100℃3h和1500℃3h(埋炭)热处理后,试样的显气孔率较小,体积密度较大,常温耐压强度和常温抗折强度优于以ρAl2O3为结合剂的;但是,采用铝酸钙水泥 SiO2微粉作结合剂的试样经1500℃埋炭3h处理后的线变化率较大,试样的高温抗折强度和抗侵蚀性能也明显低于ρAl2O3结合试样的。     

铬矿对镁质浇注料性能的影响

在以8～5mm(18%,质量分数,下同)、5～3mm(18%)、3～1mm(22%)的97高纯镁砂和≤1mm(12%)的97电熔镁砂为骨料,≤0.088mm(20%)的97电熔镁砂,SiO2微粉(2%),α-Al2O3微粉(5%),亚白刚玉粉(3%)为基质细粉,六偏磷酸钠等为复合分散剂的镁质浇注料基础配方中,分别用5%、8%、15%的铬矿砂(0.833～0.178mm和≤0.088mm的混合料)等量替代≤0.088mm的电熔镁砂制成不同铬矿含量的镁质浇注料试样。分别测试样经110℃24h、1100℃3h和1550℃3h处理后的线变化率、显气孔率和抗折强度,并利用SEM和EDX分析1550℃3h处理后试样的显微结构。结果表明:(1)镁质浇注料中加入适量的铬矿,有利于提高方镁石晶粒间的直接结合强度,使材料抗折强度提高,显气孔率下降;适量微裂纹的产生有利于浇注料抗热震性的提高。铬矿的适宜加入量为5%～8%。(2)SEM和EDX分析表明,试样经1550℃3h处理后,铬矿和镁砂呈相互扩散,并脱溶出二次尖晶石,增强了晶粒间的直接结合程度,从而有效地提高了镁质浇注料的力学性能。     

尖晶石对Al2O3-SiC-C质铁沟浇注料性能的影响

以新型亚白刚玉(8~5 mm、5~3 mm、3~1 mm、≤1 mm、≤0.044 mm)、SiC(≤1 mm、≤0.088 mm)、尖晶石粉(≤0.044 mm)、SiO2微粉、α-Al2O3微粉、铝酸钙水泥、Si粉和球状沥青等为主要原料,在Al2O3-SiC-C质铁沟浇注料的配料组成中分别加入质量分数为0、4%、7%、10%、13%的镁铝尖晶石粉,混练均匀后振动成型为40 mm×40 mm×160 mm的条状试样和50/20 mm×50/20mm的坩埚试样,经110℃24 h和1 450℃3 h热处理后测定试样的体积密度、显气孔率、常温抗折强度、常温耐压强度、烧后线变化率和抗渣性能,并且进行了XRD、SEM和EDS分析。结果表明:加入适量镁铝尖晶石粉后,由于改善了试样的成型密度,促进了试样的烧结,因而提高了试样的密度、强度、体积稳定性和抗渣性;但是,由于尖晶石和刚玉的热膨胀系数不同,加入过多的镁铝尖晶石粉会导致试样中产生过多的微裂纹,从而对试样的密度、强度、体积稳定性和抗渣性不利;本试验中,尖晶石粉的最佳加入量(质量分数)为10%;尖晶石加入量为10%的试样中有长度为30~80μm的SiC晶须生成,并且其颗粒与基质之间结合紧密。     

B_4C加入量对Al_2O_3-SiC-C铁沟浇注料力学性能的影响

以电熔棕刚玉为骨料,碳化硅、白刚玉、硅粉、球沥青、硅微粉、氧化铝微粉及高铝水泥为细粉,按大颗粒、中颗粒、细粉的质量比为55:15:30配料,分别外加0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%的碳化硼细粉,加水和少量减水剂共混后,振动成型为160 mm ×40 mm ×40 mm的试样.自然干燥24 h脱模后,再自然干燥24 h,在空气气氛中分别于800、1 000、1 200、1 550℃下热处理3 h.检测各温度热处理后试样的线变化率、显气孔率、体积密度、耐压强度、抗折强度以及抗氧化性,高温抗折强度是在空气气氛中于1 400℃0.5 h进行检测,并利用XRD分析部分试样经高温抗折试验后的物相组成.结果表明:由于B4C在较低温度下氧化产生少量液相,一方面促进了材料的烧结,增大了中温强度;另一方面在材料表面形成防氧化膜,阻碍了炭素材料的氧化,利于次生β-SiC的形成.因而增大了浇注料的高温抗折强度.在本试验条件下,B4C加入量为0.4%时,浇注料的力学性能最好.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.