早期胃癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后eCura危险评分系统的临床验证研究

目的验证早期胃癌内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection，ESD）非治愈性切除术后淋巴结转移风险评估系统——“eCura system”的临床适用性。方法2012年1月—2018年3月，因早期胃癌在南京大学医学院附属南京鼓楼医院行ESD治疗，且术后病理提示ESD非治愈性切除的155例病例被纳入回顾性分析，根据eCura评分系统对病例进行评分，按评分结果分成3组，低危组（0～1分）100例、中危组（2～4分）46例、高危组（5～7分）9例，观察各组随访期内淋巴结转移情况及预后。结果155例随访时间（25±15.0）个月，其中低危组中位随访25个月，中危组中位随访23个月，高危组中位随访34个月。低危组追加外科手术57例，其中3例[5.26%（3/57）]淋巴结转移；中危组追加外科手术29例，其中2例[6.90%（2/29）]淋巴结转移；高危组9例，均追加外科手术，4例淋巴结转移。多因素Logistic回归分析提示高危组淋巴结转移风险明显高于低危组(P=0.003，OR=14.499,95%CI：2.513～97.214)，而中危组淋巴结转移风险较低危组略高(P=0.767，OR=1.326,95%CI：0.165～8.594)。随访过程中，低危组无远处转移及肿瘤相关死亡，43例未追加外科手术者中发现3例[6.98%（3/43）]复发。中危组17例未追加外科手术者中发现1例[5.88%（1/17）]复发，2例[11.76%（2/17）]远处转移，其中1例[5.88%（1/17）]死于脑转移；29例追加外科手术者在随访期间无复发、远处转移及肿瘤相关死亡。高危组9例在ESD术后均追加了外科手术，随访期间无复发、远处转移及肿瘤相关死亡。结论eCura评分系统可用于早期胃癌ESD非治愈性切除病例的淋巴结转移风险预测，低危患者追加外科手术的获益有限，而中、高危患者追加外科手术可有效改善预后。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗未分化型早期胃癌的疗效分析

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗未分化型早期胃癌的疗效及预后。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月—2019年4月在南京医科大学第一附属医院行ESD治疗且术后病理证实为早期胃癌的393例患者（400处病灶）的临床病理资料,根据术后病理结果分为未分化癌组（50例,50个病灶）和分化癌组（343例,350个病灶）,收集患者年龄、性别,切除病灶大小及部位、大体分型、浸润深度、有无溃疡及术后随访情况等进行分析。结果 Logistic回归分析表明年龄≤60岁（OR=2.02,95%CI：1.04~3.95,P=0.011）、女性（OR=2.83,95%CI：1.41~5.68,P=0.003）、胃窦部病变（OR=3.92,95%CI：1.65~9.30,P=0.002）、凹陷型病变（OR=5.37,95%CI：2.16~13.38,P<0.001）及浸润至黏膜下层（OR=5.09,95%CI：2.40~10.80,P<0.001）为未分化型早期胃癌发生的独立危险因素。393例患者中,非治愈性切除113例,治愈性切除280例。未分化癌组非治愈性切除率高于分化癌组[90.0%（45/50）比19.8%（68/343）,χ2=104.902,P<0.001]。非治愈性切除患者死亡率高于治愈性切除[4.4%（5/113）比0.7%（2/280）, χ2=5.558,P=0.023]。未分化癌组27例患者追加手术,分化癌组51例追加手术,无一例复发;315例未追加手术患者中,未分化癌组复发率高于分化癌组[26.1%（6/23）比4.1%（12/292）,χ2=5.560,P<0.001]。结论 年龄≤60岁、女性、胃窦部病变、凹陷型病变及浸润至黏膜下层为未分化型早期胃癌发生的独立危险因素。未分化型早期胃癌非治愈性切除率高、ESD术后易复发,建议追加外科手术治疗。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期胃癌及癌前病变效果及继发出血独立危险因素探讨

[目的]探讨早期胃癌及癌前病变行内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗效果及继发出血独立危险因素,为后续临床防治工作提供参考。[方法]回顾性分析我院2015-01-2017-12期间行ESD治疗的早期胃癌及癌前病变患者共122例临床资料,记录临床疗效及继发出血情况;采用χ~2检验和Logistic多因素回归模型分析继发出血独立危险因素。[结果]122例患者均顺利完成ESD,整块切除率达100.00%(122/122),治愈性切除率为91.80%(112/122);手术用时27～132(76.50±10.78)min;ESD继发出血共22例,发生率为18.03%,未见穿孔发生。单因素分析结果显示,病变部位、操作时间及术后病理类型与早期胃癌及癌前病变患者ESD继发出血有关(P0.05);Logistic多因素回归分析显示,贲门-胃底部病变、早期胃癌及操作时间过长是导致患者继发出血独立危险因素(P0.05)。[结论]早期胃癌及癌前病变行ESD治疗效果及安全性良好;其中贲门-胃底部病变、早期胃癌及操作时间≥60min患者继发出血风险更高。     

导致食管浅表肿瘤内镜黏膜下剥离术困难的影响因素

目的探讨导致食管浅表肿瘤内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)困难(手术时间≥90 min、非治愈性切除、穿孔并发症)的独立危险因素。 方法回顾分析2015年7月至2019年6月苏北人民医院消化科诊断食管早期癌或癌前病变而行ESD治疗的452位患者病例资料,包括患者性别、年龄、病灶部位、内镜大体形态,病灶长径、周径、手术时期、术前病理、术后病理、手术时间以及穿孔并发症。先通过单因素分析寻找影响ESD手术时间、非治愈性切除及穿孔的因素,对其中有统计学意义的因素再纳入Logistic回归分析寻找导致ESD手术困难的独立危险因素。 结果452例患者平均年龄(66.47±7.59)岁,平均手术时间(72.7±32.9)min,术后病理为鳞状上皮高级别上皮内瘤变212例,鳞状细胞癌240例,治愈性切除率375/452(83.1%),发生穿孔并发症9例。单因素分析显示患者病灶大体形态、病灶长径、病灶周径、病变部位、术者经验与ESD手术困难有关(P<0.05)。经多因素分析显示病灶呈Ⅱa＋Ⅱc/Ⅱc是手术时间≥90 min(OR＝2.689,P＝0.003)、非治愈性切除(OR＝2.238,P＝0.009)及穿孔并发症(OR＝1.928,P＝0.042)的独立危险因素。病灶长径>2 cm是手术时间≥90 min(OR＝5.917,P<0.001)的独立危险因素,病灶周径为1/3～2/3周是手术时间≥90 min(OR＝2.733,P＝0.019)的独立危险因素,病灶周径≥2/3周是手术时间≥90 min(OR＝26.502,P<0.001)、非治愈性切除(OR＝4.174,P<0.001)的独立危险因素;病变位于食管上段(OR＝2.609,P＝0.016)、及术者经验(OR＝1.897,P＝0.045)是手术时间≥90 min的独立危险因素。 结论病变形态呈Ⅱa＋Ⅱc/Ⅱc、病灶长径>2 cm、病灶周径>1/3周、病变位于食管上段及术者经验是造成食管ESD困难的独立危险因素。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术与内镜黏膜切除术治疗早期胃癌患者的疗效比较

[目的]探究内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)与内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)治疗早期胃癌患者的疗效。[方法]选取2014-02—2016-12我院收治的186例早期胃癌患者,根据治疗方法的不同分为ESD组和EMR组,ESD组采用ESD进行治疗,EMR组采用EMR进行治疗,观察比较2组患者手术时间、住院时间及术中出血、穿孔的发生情况,并对2组患者进行病理组织学疗效评价。[结果]2组患者手术时间及住院时间比较差异无统计学意义。ESD组中有5例发生术中出血,2例发生穿孔;EMR组中有17例发生术中出血,9例发生穿孔。2组患者术中出血、穿孔发生情况比较差异均有统计学意义(χ2=6.853、4.422,P<0.05)。ESD组可能治愈性切除率、非治愈性切除率、肿瘤复发率低于EMR组(χ2=10.225、11.976、10.123,P<0.05),但ESD组一次性完全切除率、治愈性切除率高于EMR组(χ2=22.763、27.991,P<0.05),说明采用ESD治疗早期胃癌更彻底,2组病理组织学疗效评价比较差异均有统计学意义。[结论]采用ESD能有效降低早期胃癌患者术中出血及穿孔的发生情况,病灶切除彻底,肿瘤复发率低,值得在临床上进一步推广。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期胃印戒细胞癌的疗效及非治愈性切除的危险因素分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗早期胃印戒细胞癌(SRCC)的疗效及预后,并探讨非治愈性切除的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012年10月至2020年10月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院、南京医科大学附属无锡人民医院、泰州市人民医院、南京市高淳人民医院行ESD治疗的62例早期胃SRCC患者的临床病理资料,根据术后病理结果分为治愈性切除组34例和非治愈性切除组28例,收集患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小及部位、大体分型、浸润深度、切缘、溃疡及术后随访情况等进行分析。结果整块切除率为100%(n=62),完全切除率为83.9%(n=52),治愈性切除率为54.8%(n=34)。术中穿孔率为1.6%(n=1),迟发出血率为1.6%(n=1)。28例非治愈性切除的患者中,20例追加了外科手术,死亡2例,其中1例在外科手术后死于术后出血,另1例在外科手术后死于术后感染。8例非治愈性切除的患者没有追加外科手术,其中2例患者死于淋巴结转移。ESD治愈性切除组的5年生存率明显高于ESD非治愈性切除组,组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.023)。肿瘤直径>20 mm(OR=59.73,95%CI=9.94~358.87,P<0.001)及溃疡是(OR=24.49,95%CI=2.11~284.72,P=0.011)是早期胃SRCC非治愈性切除的独立危险因素。结论达到内镜下治愈性切除标准的早期胃SRCC患者,预后明显好于非治愈性切除的患者。肿瘤直径>20 mm和溃疡为早期胃SRCC非治愈性切除的独立危险因素。     

早期食管癌及癌前病变内镜黏膜下剥离术术后疼痛的危险因素研究

目的 探究早期食管癌及癌前病变内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)术后疼痛的危险因素。方法 回顾性纳入湖北医药学院附属太和医院2014年1月～2021年5月因食管病变行ESD治疗的患者311例，按照术后是否需要止痛药物缓解疼痛将其分为无痛组(250例)和疼痛组(61例)。收集所有患者的一般临床资料(性别、年龄、操作者、基础疾病病史、吸烟史、饮酒史)、病理资料(病变位置、术后病理类型、浸润深度、环周大小、病变面积)及并发症发生情况(术后发热等)并分组进行比较。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析研究早期食管癌及癌前病变ESD术后患者疼痛的危险因素。结果 单因素分析结果显示，患者年龄、病变位置、病变面积、环周大小均是ESD术后疼痛的影响因素；多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，患者年龄、病变位置位于胸下段均是ESD术后疼痛的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 年龄越大、病变位置位于胸下段的早期食管癌及癌前病变患者ESD术后更易发生疼痛。     

结直肠内镜黏膜下剥离术后发热的危险因素分析

[目的]探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗结直肠病变术后发热的危险因素。[方法]回顾性分析行结直肠ESD的347例患者的临床资料,对病例的年龄、性别、既往病史、病变位置、病变大小、病理、术中不良事件、ESD操作时长、术后创面处理、围术期抗生素使用情况、ESD后住院时间、术后不良事件等进行单因素及多因素分析,总结术后发热的危险因素。[结果]347例患者术后发热率为4.6%(16/347),发热最高体温(38.1±0.4)℃,发热天数(2.6±1.5)d。通过单因素及多因素分析,术中出血或术中穿孔(OR=0.481,95%CI=0.267～0.867,P=0.015)、术后迟发出血或迟发穿孔(OR=0.323,95%CI=0.105～0.991,P=0.048)以及病灶累及固有肌层(OR=0.320,95%CI=0.143～0.716,P=0.006)是结直肠EDS后发热的独立危险因素。[结论]术中出血或术中穿孔、术后迟发出血或迟发穿孔以及病灶累及固有肌层是结直肠EDS后发热的独立危险因素,应给予此类患者更多的观察及处理,以期降低术后发热率。     

早期食管鳞状细胞癌及癌前病变内镜黏膜下剥离术后切缘阳性的危险因素分析

[目的]研究早期食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, ESCC)及癌前病变行内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD)后切缘阳性的相关危险因素及其预后情况。[方法]对因早期ESCC和(或)癌前病变行ESD后患者的临床病理资料行回顾性研究。根据术后病理组织切缘是否阳性,分为切缘阳性组和切缘阴性组,收集2组患者临床、内镜、病理学结果,分析术后切缘阳性发生的危险因素和预后情况。[结果]共纳入患者88例,切除病灶99处,切缘阴性85处,切缘阳性14处,切缘阳性率为14.14%(14/99),局部复发率为1.01%(1/99)。单因素分析提示,2组手术时间、术后并发症、标本长度、环周面积、钳检组织学异同、病理类型比较差异有统计学意义。切缘阳性组内镜随访,追加手术3例,术后病检均未发现淋巴结转移;1例在随访9个月后发现复发并有新发病灶,再次行ESD。[结论]标本长度和病理类型是ESCC及癌前病变ESD术后切缘阳性的独立危险因素,临床医生需严格把控适应证,加强ESD术中、术后的质量管理。     

十二指肠占位性病变内镜黏膜下剥离术后延迟出血的危险因素分析

回顾性分析内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗的55例十二指肠占位性病变的临床资料,采用单因素分析、多因素非条件Logistic回归分析,明确十二指肠占位性病变发生延迟性出血的危险因素。5例（9.09%）发生延迟性出血。发生延迟性出血组和未发生延迟性出血组在内镜下未采取闭合治疗(P=0.035)方面差异具有统计学意义。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示内镜下未采取闭合治疗(P=0.029,OR=0.079,95%CI: 0.008~0.776)是十二指肠占位性病变ESD术后延迟性出血的独立危险因素。提示年龄≥60岁及内镜下未采取闭合治疗患者,其ESD术后延迟性出血发生率较高,其中内镜下未采取闭合治疗与术后延迟性出血直接相关。     

Clinical impact of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial adenocarcinoma located at the esophagogastric junction

BACKGROUND: Surgery is the standard treatment for neoplasms located at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), and, recently, EMR, photodynamic therapy (PDT), or both have also been used for early stage neoplasms located at the EGJ. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a newly developed technique in the field of endoscopic treatments for GI neoplasms because of its high rate of en bloc resection. OBJECTIVE: We used ESD for superficial adenocarcinoma located at the EGJ and evaluated its clinical impact. PATIENTS: Twenty-five lesions of superficial adenocarcinomas located at the EGJ from 24 patients were treated with ESD between June 2001 and January 2006. An adenocarcinoma located at the EGJ was defined as a "junctional carcinoma (type II)" according to Siewert's classification. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: Complications, en bloc resection rate, curative resection rate, local recurrence, and distant metastasis were evaluated. RESULTS: No complications except stenosis occurred. The en bloc resection rate was 100%. Seventeen lesions (72.0%) were judged as "curative resection" and showed no local or distant recurrence during a median follow-up period of 30.1 months. Seven lesions were diagnosed as "noncurative resection." Two patients underwent additional surgical resections. In 1 of 2 of the surgical resections, however, we could not identify a residual cancer. In 1 patient, who refused additional surgical resection, lung metastases were found after 3 years. LIMITATIONS: The limitation of the study was its retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: After long-term follow-up, although surgery for a noncurative resection remains a standard treatment, ESD can be adequately adopted as an effective treatment for superficial adenocarcinomas at the EGJ.     

食管全周浅表癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后长期保留胃管对食管狭窄的预防及治疗作用

为探讨食管全周浅表癌行内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）后长期保留胃管对食管狭窄预防及治疗的影响,回顾性分析2018年1月—2021年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院行ESD的食管全周浅表癌患者,术后置入胃管患者15例（胃管置入组）,无胃管置入患者23例（无胃管置入组）,比较两组患者基础情况、病变位置、病理分期、术后并发症、食管狭窄程度（进水情况）、疼痛情况、住院次数及医疗费用等资料。结果显示,两组患者在年龄、性别、病变位置及术后病理分期的构成方面差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与无胃管置入组相比,胃管置入组患者可进水率较高（11/15比6/23,P<0.05）,发生疼痛次数较少［（7.3±3.1）次比（10.7±3.6）次,t=3.00,P<0.05］,ESD后至食管支架置入前及置入后的住院次数和医疗总费用均明显低于无胃管置入组（P<0.05）。ESD后迟发性出血率、穿孔率以及首次狭窄出现时间,两组差异均无统计意义（P>0.05）。研究结果初步表明食管全周病变患者行ESD后长期保留胃管可减轻食管狭窄程度,具有较良好的安全性。     

ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION FOR EARLY GASTRIC CANCER AND FUTURE EXPECTATIONS

Considering the risks of surgery and the patient's poor quality of life after gastrectomy, it is sensible to offer endoscopic resection for the patients without risk of lymph node metastasis. Endoscopic resection (ER) of early gastric cancer (EGC) is now standard therapy in Japan and is increasingly becoming accepted and regularly used in other countries. The indications, techniques, and pathological assessment methods of ER in the treatment of EGC are demanding and require the endoscopist to follow them closely in order to ensure successful outcomes. New developments in ER techniques to dissect the submucosa directly, called ESD, allow resections of larger lesions in en‐bloc, although long‐term outcome data are currently still in progress. The purposes of the present review are to introduce ER methods for carrying out proper treatment and to describe future expectations.     

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: present status and future perspective,including its differentiation from endoscopic mucosal resection

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) allows en bloc resection of a lesion, irrespective of the size of the lesion. ESD has been established as a standard method for the endoscopic ablation of malignant tumors in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract in Japan. Although the use of ESD for colorectal lesions has been studied via clinical research, ESD is not yet established as a standard therapeutic method for colorectal lesions because colorectal carcinoma has unique pathological, organ specific characteristics that differ radically from those of the esophagus and stomach, and scope handling and control is more difficult in the colorectum than in the upper GI tract. Depending on the efficacy of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and the clinicopathological characteristics of the colorectal tumor, the proposed indications for colorectal ESD are as follows: (1) lesions difficult to remove en bloc with a snare EMR, such as nongranular laterally spreading tumors (particularly the pseudo depressed type), lesions showing a type VI: pit pattern, and large lesions of the protruded type suspected to be carcinoma; (2) lesions with fibrosis due to biopsy or peristasis; (3) sporadic localized lesions in chronic inflammation such as ulcerative colitis; and (4) local residual carcinoma after EMR. Colorectal ESD is currently in the development stage, and a standard protocol will be available in the near future. We hope that colorectal tumors will be efficiently treated by a treatment method appropriately selected from among EMR, ESD, and surgical resection after precise preoperative diagnosis based on techniques such as magnifying colonoscopy.     

Impact of endoscopic submucosal dissection for the therapeutic strategy of large colorectal tumors

Background and Aims: The change of therapeutic strategy for large colorectal tumors after the introduction of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has not yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of ESD as an initial treatment strategy. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to nine expert panelists in colorectal ESD. The questionnaire used retrospective data from consecutive case series. Forty‐seven cases of early colorectal tumors (≥ 20 mm) were included. Endoscopic growth types were 25 laterally‐spreading tumors (LST) of granular type (G), 15 LST of non‐granular types (NG), and seven protruded types. Pathological diagnoses included 15 adenomas (Ad), 18 intramucosal cancers (M), three submucosally‐shallow invasive cancers (< 1000 µm) (SMs), and 11 submucosally‐deep invasive cancers (≥ 1000 µm) (SMd). The expert panelists completed questionnaires about recommended initial treatment under suppositions of before and after the introduction of ESD. Over‐surgery was defined as surgery for Ad, M, and SMs. Non‐curative endoscopic resection (ER) was defined as ER for SMd. Results: After the introduction of ESD, the reduction in the over‐surgery rate was estimated at 10.8% for Ad, M, and SMs, and the increase in the non‐curative ER rate was estimated at 27.2% for SMd. By endoscopic growth type, the reduction of over‐surgery rates for LST–NG, LST–G, and protruded type was 15.5%, 10.5%, and 2.2%, respectively. Conclusions: The endoscopists changed their therapeutic strategy for large colorectal tumors to reduce over‐surgery, especially in LST–NG, demonstrating the impact of ESD.     

Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoepithelioma-like early gastric carcinomas and endoscopic submucosal dissection: Case series

Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)-associated lymphoepitheliomalike gastric carcinoma(LELC) is characterized by a lower lymph node(LN) metastasis rate and a higher survival rate than other forms of gastric cancer. Although current prognosis for LELC is favorable, the most common approach is radical gastrectomy involving an extensive D2 lymph node dissection. Here, we report four cases of EBV-associated early LELC that were treated by an alternative approach, endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD). The long-term outcome of this procedure is discussed. All patients were treated by ESD en bloc, and all ESD specimens showed tumor-free lateral resection margins. None of the lesions showed lymphovascular invasion. A pathological examination of ESD specimens revealed submucosal invasion of more than 500 μm in all four cases. One patient underwent additional radical surgery post-ESD; no residual tumor or LN metastasis was noted in the surgical specimen. The other three patients did not undergo additional surgery, either because of severe comorbidity or their refusal to undergo operation, but were subjected to medical follow-up. None of the ESD-treated patients reported local recurrence or distant metastases during the 27-32 mo of follow-up after ESD.     

Safety and curative ability of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal cancers at least 50 mm in diameter

Background and Aim: Limited data are available regarding the use of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for superficial esophageal cancers ≥50 mm in diameter. The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety and success of ESD for superficial esophageal cancers ≥50 mm. Methods: A total of 39 patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ≥50 mm were treated with ESD at Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases between January 2004 and April 2011, and were analyzed in a retrospective study. Results: En bloc resection was achieved in all patients. One mediastinal emphysema without perforation occurred during the procedure. Stricture developed in 11 of 39 patients, requiring a median of five endoscopic balloon dilatation procedures. Thirty‐three clinical epithelial or lamina propria mucosal cancers were treated by ESD with curative intent, of which invasion into the muscularis mucosa or deeper was detected in seven and lymphovascular involvement in three. The en bloc resection rate was 100% with a tumor‐free margin achieved in 92% of lesions. The curative resection and complication rates during ESD were 70% and 2.5%, respectively. Conclusion: ESD achieved a high en bloc resection rate of 92% with a tumor‐free margin. Curative resection rate of ESD in patients with clinical epithelial or lamina propria mucosal cancers was not low at 70%. However, the risk of stricture must be taken into account when considering the use of ESD in lesions ≥50 mm.     

Clinical impact of Epstein-Barr virus status on the incidence of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer

Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer (EBVGC) comprises approximately 9% of all gastric cancers and is associated with a low prevalence of lymph node metastasis (LNM). Given that limited data concerning LNM in EBV-related early GC are available, EBV status is not considered an indicator for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). In this review, we focused on pT1 EBVGC and on gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (GCLS), and discuss expanded ESD indications and curative resection criteria. In pT1b EBVGC, the incidence of LNM was low (6/180 patients, 3.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–7.1), especially in lymphovascular invasion-negative EBVGC (1/109 patients, 0.9%). No patients with pT1a EBVGC had LNM (0/38 patients, 0%; 95% CI 0–7.6), even those who did not meet the current curative ESD criteria. Although the frequency of LNM in GCLS was low (5.0–10.6%), the incidence of LNM in non-EBV GCLS was relatively high (10.0–20.0%); therefore, EBV status can be considered a more important factor than GCLS. In summary, the clinicopathological characteristics of EBVGC differ from those of conventional GC, and EBV negativity is a risk factor for LNM in early GC. Therefore, patients in this group are likely to be promising candidates for ESD, and we recommend that EBV status evaluation be included in early GC treatment guidelines.