急性呼吸窘迫综合征非机械通气治疗新进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS）是严重威胁患者生命的常见临床危重病,过度失调的肺部免疫炎症反应是其主要的发病机制,临床上表现为顽固性低氧血症和难治性呼吸衰竭[1].目前认为,ARDS呈现正常肺组织→失控的肺组织炎症反应→肺微血管内皮-肺泡上皮屏障严重破坏→通透性肺水肿→难治性呼吸衰竭的病理生理发展过程.近十余年来,随着机械通气等器官功能支持治疗技术的进步,ARDS预后已得到明显改善.然而,在ARDS机械通气治疗取得重大进展的同时,其药物治疗前景却不乐观,即使在ARDS肺保护性通气时代,ARDS患者住院病死率仍高达40％[2-3].回顾近期ARDS非机械通气治疗的研究发现,进一步阐明ARDS的发病机制和病理生理学,寻找新的药物治疗靶点,将可能成为治疗ARDS的新方向.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征右心改变的认识进展

尽管治疗方案经历了长足的发展，急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)的病死率仍居高不下。随着研究的深入，学者们逐渐发现ARDS患者不仅出现肺损伤，也会出现循环损伤，导致右心功能不全及急性肺源性心脏病。短暂的低氧血症并非ARDS患者预后的独立危险因素，而循环损伤可直接影响其预后。因此，ARDS治疗的核心逐渐从肺保护转向于右心保护。本文对ARDS右心改变的特点及右心保护的策略进行梳理和总结，同时针对循环保护的环节，提出“抢先保护”的理念，为ARDS的治疗提供新的思路。     

急性肺损伤／急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气管理策略

急性肺损伤（acute lung injury，ALI）急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS）是临床常见的肺部综合征，临床以进行性呼吸困难、低氧血症、肺顺应性下降为特征，病死率为40％-50％。机械通气作为支持呼吸的重要手段，能够缓解呼吸窘迫、改善肺压力-容量关系，为ALI／ARDS患者的病因治疗争取时间、创造条件。本文将重点讨论ALI／ARDS患者的机械通气管理策略。     

俯卧位通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征研究进展

机械通气是治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS）的主要手段之一,俯卧位通气作为一种非常规的机械通气方式在ARDS治疗中的作用越来越受到重视。近年来,许多研究显示俯卧位通气可以显著改善ARDS患者的氧合,但对是否可以改善ARDS患者的预后仍存有争议。本文主要就俯卧位通气的生理学效应、改善氧合的机制、可能的影响因素及其与肺损伤的关系等方面做一综述。     

肾移植后急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床特点及治疗

目的：分析肾移植后并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的临床特点及处理措施。方法：总结11例肾移植后并发ARDS的临床特点。治疗过程及预后。结果：严重的肺部感染是ARDS的主要病因，且病原复杂。耐药严重，氧供和代谢失衡易导致器官功能障碍，死亡率很高，治疗难度大。结论：尽早采用超广谱强有力的抗感染治疗。积极改善氧合和纠正代谢失衡的综合治疗措施。有助于改善预后。     

肺源性与肺外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征的再思考

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS)是由一系列疾病损伤导致的急性呼吸衰竭，重症患者具有较高的病死率。根据危险因素的不同，ARDS可分为肺源性ARDS和肺外源性ARDS两种亚型，前者由于损伤直接作用于肺泡上皮细胞，造成肺泡膜破坏，影响气血交换；而后者通过全身性因素导致血管内皮损伤，肺血管通透性增加、肺间质渗出，进而出现肺泡塌陷、水肿，呼吸衰竭。各种肺内外危险因素在重症ARDS患者中往往同时存在，影像和呼吸力学等临床特征也未能很好区分肺源性/肺外源性ARDS，生物标志物的诊断效应还需验证，甚至病死率在肺源性/肺外源性ARDS患者中也并无明显差异。本文对肺源性ARDS和肺外源性ARDS的危险因素、临床特征、病死率进行比较，并针对ARDS的发病机制、临床表现及治疗与预后需关注之处进行梳理，为临床医生更加全面了解ARDS的发病机制、规范系统地启动ARDS的精准化评估与治疗提供借鉴，从而降低ARDS患者的病死率。     

脓毒症并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征的观察与护理

脓毒症(Sepsis)是指感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征, 是目前 ICU 中的首要死亡原因。急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)为临床常见的危重症之一,是由肺内原因和/或肺外原因引起的,以顽固性低氧血症为显著特征的临床综合征。脓毒症并发ARDS的患者预后差,病死率极高。我国多中心研究报告显示,各ICU脓毒症并发ARDS的病死率高达50%-90%[1-2]。由于脓毒症并发呼吸窘迫综合征临床治疗预后普遍较差,因此,如何在医生进行诊断、治疗的同时,通过我们的观察及护理去改善患者的临床预后,是我们护理工作的重要目标。我院ICU自2013年1月-2016年5月我科共收治脓毒症并发ARDS的患者38例,现回顾总结将临床观察及护理报道如下。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征21例临床分析

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)病因复杂,治疗困难,预后极差,目前仍是临床急救医学面临的一大难题。为探讨其早期诊断与治疗,现将我院收治的21 例ARDS临床资料。分析报道如下:     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征预后评估

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)作为ICU患者常见的严重疾病之一,是急性呼吸衰竭的常见原因,也是重症患者主要的病死原因。随着重症医学的发展,临床医师对于ARDS的认识也进一步深入,但目前ARDS的病死率仍然很高,临床对于其预后的评估方面尚不规范,评估指标尚存争议,但是准确的预后评估对于指导ARDS临床治疗有着重要意义。本文将选取一些ARDS预后评估指标——氧分压/吸氧浓度、脉氧饱和度/吸氧浓度和血浆可溶性尿激酶纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂受体(soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor,su PAR)进行论述,以期更好的指导临床ARDS治疗。     

保留自主呼吸对于重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的影响：弊大于利

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）是临床上常见的以顽固性低氧为表现的呼吸功能不全或衰竭的综合征，肺不均一性是其主要病理生理特点。传统观点认为，保留ARDS患者自主呼吸有助于改善全身氧合。但是近年来发现，对于重度ARDS患者，保留患者自主呼吸会加重肺损伤，过强的自主呼吸会导致重度ARDS患者跨肺压升高、肺内气体摆动、肺水肿加重以及人机不同步，引起患者肺内炎症加重，氧合功能恶化，最终影响患者预后，增加病死率。本文就自主呼吸对重度ARDS患者呼吸功能的影响机制展开综述。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气和营养支持治疗37例分析

目的探讨急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者机械通气和营养支持治疗的临床特点及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析37例ARDS患者经机械通气和营养支持治疗的临床资料。结果37例ARDS机械通气患者1次脱机成功者30例,2次脱机成功者5例,3次脱机成功者2例。机械通气3—10d,无一例依赖呼吸机。全胃肠外营养（TPN）支持4-12d,TPN支持期间合并高血糖5例,消化道出血4例,肺感染、呼吸衰竭5例,无一例中心静脉置管并发症。结论机械通气和营养支持治疗ARDS临床效果较好。但应注意营养供给方式的选择。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气策略新进展

机械通气是治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS)的重要措施之一。随着近年来对ARDS病理的进一步研究,机械通气策略也由过去的大潮气量逐渐发展为肺保护性通气策略。本文通过阐述ARDS患者机械通气策略的新发展,为临床通气治疗ARDS患者提供参考。ARDS机械通气治疗近期有望实现突破。     

有创与无创双水平气道正压通气序贯治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的:探讨有创与无创双水平气道正压通气(bi-level positive airway pressure,BiPAP)序贯治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的疗效。方法:将重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)76例ARDS患者随机分为有创与无创BiPAP序贯治疗组(A组)38例和常规同步间歇指令通气(synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation,SIMV)组(B组)38例。所有患者均按ARDS常规治疗,尽早气管插管行SIMV,当"ARDS控制窗"出现时,A组拔除气管插管,改用鼻面罩无创BiPAP序贯治疗,B组继续SIMV治疗,以SIMV+压力支持通气(pressure support ventilation,PSV)模式撤机。结果:2组患者"ARDS控制窗"出现时间、生命体征的指标和动脉血气分析的指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);与B组比较,A组有创通气时间及总机械通气时间均减少,入住ICU时间缩短,呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)发生率、病死率均降低(P0.05)。结论:有创与无创BiPAP序贯治疗ARDS的疗效显著,可明显缩短机械通气时间,降低VAP发生率及病死率。     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical update.

BACKGROUND: Because of recent advances in the treatment and improved outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we present an overview of ARDS to update general practitioners on the management of this condition. METHODS AND RESULTS: We searched MEDLINE for original articles, editorials, and reviews on ARDS, acute lung injury, and mechanical ventilation. A large amount of data is available on this subject. We reviewed relevant articles that address definition, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of ARDS, giving special emphasis to ventilatory support of patients with ARDS. CONCLUSION: Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a severe form of acute lung injury associated with significant mortality and morbidity. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of this condition, but the management of ARDS remains complex and requires multidisciplinary and specialized care.     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric cardiosurgery

The prognosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is poor; its mortality is generally 40-60%. The mortality in patients with ARDS is more commonly associated with the sequels of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction than with respiratory failure although the latest papers on protective ventilation suggest that death in these patients directly results from lung lesion in a number of cases. There have been encouraging data on the reduced mortality rates due to acute lung lesion/ARDS in the past decade. The development and introduction of new technologies of respiratory support, the emergence of new effective treatments for sepsis, and the improvement of general maintenance therapy in patients with ARDS may be a possible explanation for such changes for the best.     

Preemptive mechanical ventilation can block progressive acute lung injury

Mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains unacceptable, approaching 45% in certain high-risk patient populations. Treating fulminant ARDS is currently relegated to supportive care measures only. Thus, the best treatment for ARDS may lie with preventing this syndrome from ever occurring. Clinical studies were examined to determine why ARDS has remained resistant to treatment over the past several decades. In addition, both basic science and clinical studies were examined to determine the impact that early, protective mechanical ventilation may have on preventing the development of ARDS in at-risk patients. Fulminant ARDS is highly resistant to both pharmacologic treatment and methods of mechanical ventilation. However, ARDS is a progressive disease with an early treatment window that can be exploited. In particular, protective mechanical ventilation initiated before the onset of lung injury can prevent the progression to ARDS. Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is a novel mechanical ventilation strategy for delivering a protective breath that has been shown to block progressive acute lung injury (ALI) and prevent ALI from progressing to ARDS. ARDS mortality currently remains as high as 45% in some studies. As ARDS is a progressive disease, the key to treatment lies with preventing the disease from ever occurring while it remains subclinical. Early protective mechanical ventilation with APRV appears to offer substantial benefit in this regard and may be the prophylactic treatment of choice for preventing ARDS.     

适应性支持通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中实施肺保护性通气策略的应用研究

目的研究适应性支持通气(ASV)在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)中实施肺保护通气策略的应用,并探讨其优越性。方法 60例ARDS机械通气患者随机分为ASV组和PSIMV组,均实行肺保护通气策略,比较两组患者呼吸力学、血气及血流动力学各指标的变化。结果通气24小时后,ASV组较PSIMV组气道峰压(PIP)、平台压(Pplat)显著降低(P<0.05);两组间的血液动力学指标无显著差异(P>0.05);两组治疗24小时后Pa02、氧合指数、静态肺顺应性较治疗前均明显改善(P<0.05)。结论对于ARDS患者在实行肺保护通气策略时,ASV和PSIMV通气模式均可改善氧合,ASV模式更有效减低PIP、Pplat。适应性支持通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中实施肺保护性通气策略具备一定优越性。     

Efficacy of prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: A pathophysiology-based review

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome with heterogeneous underlying pathological processes. It represents a common clinical problem in intensive care unit patients and it is characterized by high mortality. The mainstay of treatment for ARDS is lung protective ventilation with low tidal volumes and positive end-expiratory pressure sufficient for alveolar recruitment. Prone positioning is a supplementary strategy available in managing patients with ARDS. It was first described 40 years ago and it proves to be in alignment with two major ARDS pathophysiological lung models; the “sponge lung” - and the “shape matching” -model. Current evidence strongly supports that prone positioning has beneficial effects on gas exchange, respiratory mechanics, lung protection and hemodynamics as it redistributes transpulmonary pressure, stress and strain throughout the lung and unloads the right ventricle. The factors that individually influence the time course of alveolar recruitment and the improvement in oxygenation during prone positioning have not been well characterized. Although patients’ response to prone positioning is quite variable and hard to predict, large randomized trials and recent meta-analyses show that prone position in conjunction with a lung-protective strategy, when performed early and in sufficient duration, may improve survival in patients with ARDS. This pathophysiology-based review and recent clinical evidence strongly support the use of prone positioning in the early management of severe ARDS systematically and not as a rescue maneuver or a last-ditch effort.     

胸及上腹部手术后肺不张与呼吸衰竭的治疗体会

目的　探讨胸及上腹部手术后肺不张与呼吸衰竭的治疗方法。方法　术后肺不张患者 2 8例 ,全部行纤维支气管镜检查 ,术后呼吸衰竭需机械通气 18例 ,包括成人呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS) 5例 ,对ARDS患者采取保护性通气策略。结果　 2 3例粘稠痰液阻塞一侧主支气管或叶支气管 ,5例气管腔内只有少许粘液。治疗后 2 7例肺完全复张 ,1例死亡。呼吸衰竭患者机械通气时间 2～ 4d ,17例治愈 ,1例死亡。结论　用纤维支气管镜诊治胸及上腹部术后肺不张是相对安全有效的方法 ,但应考虑到各种不利因素 ,做好抢救准备。对呼吸衰竭需机械通气的患者 ,应判明有否ARDS ,采用相应的通气模式及参数