生脉注射液与参麦注射液在健康人体的药代动力学

目的 比较研究健康志愿者单次静脉滴注生脉注射液(益气养阴中药)和参麦注射液(治疗心脏病的急救中药)的药代动力学.方法 16名健康受试者分成2组,交叉试验,分别单次静滴相同剂量生脉注射液和参麦注射液;用液相色谱-质谱仪检测法测定给药后不同时间点的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数.结果 两者的血药浓度-时间曲线均符合二房室模型,健康受试者单次静滴生脉注射液和参麦注射液后主要的药代动力学参数如下.Rg1:Cmax分别为(0.89±0.52),(0.81±0.53)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(2.01±0.82),(1.78±0.98)h;AUC0-144分别为(1.15±0.44),(1.24±0.84)mg·h·L-1.Re:Cmax分别为(0.26±0.15),(0.27±0.19)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(0.59±0.34),(0.60±0.44)h;AUC0-144分别为(0.26±0.13),(0.33±0.25)mg·h·L-1.Rb1:Cmax分别为(10.57±8.92),(16.54±11.70)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(47.98±7.26),(47.17±8.75)h;AUC0-144分别为(346.67±267.89),(525.45±387.32)mg·h·L-1.结论 单次静滴相同剂量的生脉注射液和参麦注射液其药代动力学参数无显著性差异.     

进口与国产5-单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的评价进口与国产5-单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊在健康中国男性受试者体内的生物等效性。方法单中心开放性单剂量双周期随机交叉设计,24位健康中国男性受试者随机分为2组,单次口服5-单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊试验或参比药物50 mg,用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中5-单硝酸异山梨酯浓度,用WinNonlin 5.2.1软件计算药代动力学参数。结果试验与参比药物的主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(6.16±0.61),(6.29±0.50)h;Cmax分别为(473.13±107.54),(423.42±81.70)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(3.22±2.90),(2.51±2.56)h;AUC0-t分别为(6905.83±1135.22),(6495.00±1034.65)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(7088.75±1200.35),(6678.33±1086.71)mg·h·L-1。Cmax、AUC0-t、AUC0-∞的90%置信区间分别为102.86%～120.07%,100.54%～112.50%,100.32%～112.31%。结论进口与国产胶囊具有生物等效性。     

氟吡汀在蒙古族和汉族健康人体内的药代动力学

目的 研究中国蒙古族和汉族健康受试者口服马来酸氟吡汀(镇痛药)的药代动力学.方法 20名健康受试者(蒙古族和汉族各10名)男、女各半,单剂量口服马来酸氟吡汀胶囊100 mg.用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中马来酸氟吡汀的浓度.结果 口服马来酸氟吡汀后,蒙古族和汉族受试者的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(1.40±0.46),(1.70 ±0.79)h;t1/2分别为(8.10±1.85),(8.85±2.15)h;Cmax分别为(1.24±0.31),(1.08±0.30)mg·L-1;AUC0-36分别为(9.57±2.23),(8.41±1.62)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(10.03±2.49),(8.97±2.00)mg·h·L-1.结论 蒙古族和汉族健康受试者单剂量口服马来酸氟吡汀后,药代动力学参数的差异无统计学意义.     

中国健康受试者口服非布司他片的药代动力学研究

目的评价健康受试者口服非布司他片的人体药代动力学。方法 24名健康受试者,男女各半,单次口服非布司他片40,80 mg,多次口服非布司他40mg,连续7 d。分点采集血样,用高效液相色谱质谱联用法(LC-MS/MS)测定受试者血浆非布司他浓度。用Win Nonlin软件处理药代动力学参数。结果布司他片40,80 mg组的Cmax分别为(1873.55±735.94),(3899.17±1577.54)ng·m L-1;tmax分别为(1.86±1.10),(2.15±1.75)h;t1/2分别为(5.57±1.32),(4.87±0.86)h;CL/F分别为(6.44±1.97),(6.15±2.15)h·L-1;AUC0-24 h分别为(6651.10±2319.72),(1.43×104±5033.26)ng·h·m L-1。40 mg多次服药达稳态的药代动力学参数与单次服药相近。结论中国人的药代动力学参数经体重校正与国外报道相近,中国人的非布司他片用药方案可参照国外制定。     

注射用比阿培南在健康人体的药代动力学

目的 研究中国健康受试者静脉滴注不同剂量注射用比阿培南(碳青霉烯类抗生素)的药代动力学.方法 12名中国健康受试者采用随机自身交叉试验设计,单剂量静脉滴注注射用比阿培南(150,300,600 mg),采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定其血药浓度.结果 比阿培南150,300,600 mg剂量组主要药代动力学参数如下:Cmax分别为(5.73±1.62),(12.67±3.31)和(25.44±4.73)mg·L-1;t1/2为(1.08±0.49),(1.04±0.17)和(1.11±0.14)h;AUC0-t分别为(9.48±3.09),(20.67±4.34)和(43.44±9.36) mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(10.55±3.40),(21.70±4.27)和(44.68±9.50) mg·h·L-1.结论 血浆中比阿培南的Cmax和AUC随给药剂量的增大而增大,显示线性药代动力学特征.受试者静脉滴注注射用比阿培南150,300,600 mg后,药代动力学参数经单因素方差分析无性别差异.     

注射用比伐卢定在中国健康受试者中的药代动力学

目的 研究注射用比伐卢定(抗凝药)在中国健康受试者中的药代动力学.方法 48名健康志愿者接受3种不同剂量的单次静脉推注以及序贯(推注后静滴维持剂量)注射用比伐卢定后,用液相色谱质谱-联用法测定其血药浓度,用WinNonlin 5.2.1进行药代动力学参数计算.结果 单次静脉推注0.50,0.75,1.05 mg·kg-1剂量组的主要药代动力学参数如下:C0分别为(4.90±4.56),(6.50±4.66),(6.81±4.13)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(0.41±0.12),(0.48±0.17),(0.46±0.15)h;AUC0-t分别为(1.13±0.35),(1.97±0.36),(2.29±0.90)h·mg·L-1.序贯组t1/2为(0.94±0.26)h;AUC0-t为(18.03±6.25)h·mg·L-1.结论 中国健康受试者单次静脉推注比伐卢定0.50～1.05 mg·kg-1,药代动力学呈线性动力学特点,在本剂量范围内,能维持较为恒定的血药浓度.     

多沙普仑在中国朝鲜族和汉族健康人体的药代动力学

目的 研究盐酸多沙普仑注射液(呼吸兴奋药)在中国朝鲜族和汉族健康人体的药代动力学.方法 10名朝鲜族和10名汉族健康受试者,单剂量静脉滴注盐酸多沙普仑注射液50 mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中多沙普仑的浓度,用DAS 2.0药代动力学程序计算药代动力学参数.结果 盐酸多沙普仑注射液在朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(1.31±0.47),(1.55±0.52)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(0.39±0.27),(0.33±0.24)h;t1/2β 分别为(4.06±3.06),(3.87±2.17)h;Vc分别为(0.34±0.15),(0.35±0.20)L·kg-1;Vd分别为(1.52±1.19),(1.35±0.96)L·kg-1;CL分别为(0.27±0·07),(0.25±0.11)L·h-1·Kg-1;AUC0-12.5分别为(2.64±0.46),(3.51±1.26)Mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(3.01±0.63),(4.06±1.44)mg·h·L-1.结论 朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者单剂量静脉滴注多沙普仑药代动力学参数的差异无统计学意义.     

国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 比较国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬片(广谱抗真菌药)在健康人体的生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 20名健康受试者随机分组,双交叉单次口服国产(试验制剂)与进口(对照制剂)盐酸特比萘芬各250 mg,清洗期为1周.服药后于各时间点采血3 mL,用高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价.结果 对照制剂和试验制剂的主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(17.26±7.60),(17.94±7.94)h;AUC0-t分别为(5.20±2.06),(4.90±1.50)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5.70±2.24),(5.40±1.74)mg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(1.15±0.48),(1.03±0.36)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.56±0.74),(1.36±0.50)h.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F为104.4%.结论 国产和进口盐酸特比萘芬片生物等效.     

单次注射比阿培南在健康人体的药代动力学

目的研究注射用比阿培南(碳青霉烯类抗生素)在健康人群单次给药药代动力学。方法用分层随机、三交叉、拉丁方设计、空腹给药的试验方法,12名健康受试者单次静脉滴注比阿培南150,300,600 mg,HPLC法测定给药后血、尿药物浓度,DAS软件计算药代动力学参数。结果受试者静滴比阿培南150,300,600 mg后药代动力学参数如下,Cmax分别是(8.49±1.03),(16.31±1.83),(34.51±3.74)mg.L-1;Tmax均为(1.00±0.00)h;t1/2β分别为(1.08±0.80),(0.89±0.14),(0.93±0.08)h;AUC0-t分别(13.49±2.29),(28.91±4.92),(60.85±8.72)mg.L-1.h;CL分别是(11.09±1.58),(10.54±1.85),(9.98±1.39)L.h-1.kg-1。12 h尿排出率分别为61.9%,62.1%,62.8%。结论注射用比阿培南药代动力学符合二室开放模型,药代动力学参数与剂量呈线性相关,受试者耐受性良好。     

氟康唑胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究氟康唑胶囊(抗真菌药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法用两制剂双周期自身对照交叉试验设计,20名健康志愿者单次口服氟康唑150mg,用内标法定量,高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,用DAS1.0程序计算药代动力学参数。结果参比和受试制剂中氟康唑AUC0→t分别为(118±23)和(119±26)mg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(134±30),(131±33)mg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(2.70±0.55)和(2.82±0.64)mg·h·L-1;tmax分别为(2.50±2.13),(2.35±1.16)h;相对生物利用度以AUC0→t与AUC0→∞计算,分别为(101.8±19.8)%,(99.7±24.3)%。结论2种制剂有生物等效性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.