双极运算放大器辐射损伤的时间相关性

通过一系列辐照实验对双极运放辐射损伤的时间相关性进行了研究.结果表明,双极运放的辐射损伤与时间有着密切的关系,通过调整辐照剂量率、退火温度及时间等参数进行循环辐照-退火实验,可以测评出器件的低剂量率辐射损伤情况,并从界面态角度对这种损伤机理进行了分析.     

双极晶体管高温辐照的剂量率效应研究

文章对一种具有低剂量率辐射损伤增强效应的国产双极晶体管进行了不同剂量率、不同温度下的电离辐照试验。结果表明，室温辐照条件下，该双极器件在较高剂量率下的辐射损伤没有显著区别，但在低剂量率辐照下，辐射损伤明显增加；而在高温辐照条件下，即使辐照剂量率较高，其辐射损伤也有显著的差异。最后，讨论了这种效应可能的内在机制。     

运算放大器不同剂量率的辐射损伤效应

对几种不同类型(TTL,CMOS,JFET-Bi,MOS-Bi)的典型星用运算放大器在不同剂量率(100,10,1及0.01rad(Si)/s)辐照下的响应规律及随时间变化的退火特性进行了研究.结果显示不同类型运放电路的辐照响应有明显差异:双极运放电路辐照剂量率越小,其损伤越大;CMOS运放电路对不同剂量率的响应并非线性关系,但不同剂量率辐照损伤的差异,可以通过与低剂量率相同时间的室温退火得到消除,本质上仍然是与时间相关的效应;JFET输入运放不仅有低剂量率辐照损伤增强效应存在,且辐照后还有明显的"后损伤"现象;PMOS输入运放的结果则表明,各辐照剂量率间的损伤无明显区别.     

运算放大器不同剂量率的辐射损伤效应

对几种不同类型（TTL,CMOS,JFETBi,MOSBi）的典型星用运算放大器在不同剂量率（100,10,1及0.01rad(Si)/s）辐照下的响应规律及随时间变化的退火特性进行了研究．结果显示不同类型运放电路的辐照响应有明显差异：双极运放电路辐照剂量率越小,其损伤越大;CMOS运放电路对不同剂量率的响应并非线性关系,但不同剂量率辐照损伤的差异,可以通过与低剂量率相同时间的室温退火得到消除,本质上仍然是与时间相关的效应;JFET输入运放不仅有低剂量率辐照损伤增强效应存在,且辐照后还有明显的“后损伤”现象;PMOS输入运放的结果则表明,各辐照剂量率间的损伤无明显区     

双极器件和电路的不同剂量率的辐射效应研究

对不同类型和型号的国产及进口双极晶体管和运算放大器的不同剂量率的辐照效应及退火特性进行了研究。结果表明:在辐照的剂量率范围内,无论是国产还是进口的双极晶体管,都有明显的低剂量率辐照损伤增强现象,且NPN管比PNP管明显。双极运算放大器的研究结果显示:不同电路间的辐照响应差异很大,对有些电路而言,剂量率越低,损伤越大。有些电路虽有不同剂量率的辐照损伤差异,但这种差异可通过室温退火得到消除,因而只是时间相关的效应。文中对引起双极器件辐照损伤差异的机理进行了探讨。     

国产pnp双极晶体管在宽总剂量范围辐照下的ELDRS

研究了不同偏置条件下国产商用pnp型双极晶体管在宽总剂量范围内的辐射损伤特性和变化规律.实验结果表明,在100 rad(Si)/s和0.01 rad(Si)/s剂量率辐照下,总累计剂量达到200 krad (Si)时,这一宽总剂量范围内辐射损伤趋势均随着总剂量值不断累积而增大,且并未出现饱和.相同剂量率辐照下,发射结施加反偏状态时国产商用pnp双极晶体管的过剩基极电流变化最大,正偏下最小,零偏介于二者之间.两款晶体管均表现出明显的低剂量率损伤增强效应(ELDRS),且在反偏下ELDRS更显著.并对出现这一实验结果的损伤机理进行了探讨.     

10位双极数模转换器的电离辐射效应

研究了国产互补双极工艺生产的数模转换器(D/A转换器)在不同偏置和不同剂量率条件下的电离辐射效应及退火特性。研究结果表明:D/A转换器对偏置条件和辐照剂量率都很敏感。大剂量率辐照时,电路功能正常,各功能参数变化较小;而在低剂量率辐照情况下,各参数变化显著,超出器件允许范围,器件功能失效。因此,D/A转换器表现出明显的低剂量率辐射损伤增强效应(ELDRS)。零偏时,D/A转换器功能参数损伤变化更加严重。最后,结合边缘电场效应和空间电荷模型对这种不同偏置和剂量率条件下的损伤机理进行了初步的探讨。     

PMOS管的低剂量率辐射损伤增强效应

研究了国产非加固PMOS管在不同剂量率条件下的电离辐照效应及较高剂量率辐照后的退火效应。研究表明,用较高剂量率辐照加退火不能达到其低剂量率辐照导致的阈电压漂移。因此PMOS管的电离辐照效应并非时间相关效应,而是低剂量率辐射损伤增强效应。     

双极晶体管ELDRS实验及数值模拟

对典型双极晶体管的低剂量率辐射损伤增强效应进行了实验和数值模拟研究。选取了两种类型的双极晶体管,利用⁶⁰Co放射源开展了不同剂量率下的辐照实验,分析了双极晶体管基极电流等参数的变化规律;建立了衬底型NPN晶体管理论模型,利用半导体模拟软件模拟了载流子在氧化层中的输运、捕获及释放等物理过程,得到了NPN晶体管基极电流随总剂量和剂量率的变化规律。结果表明,双极晶体管在不同剂量率下表现出低剂量率辐射损伤增强效应,主要是因为高剂量率和低剂量率下晶体管基区氧化层内产生的氧化物陷阱电荷所形成的空间电场不同。     

双极线性稳压器(LM317)的电离总剂量效应及剂量率的影响

对一款双极集成、三端线性稳压器LM317进行了不同偏置、不同剂量率条件下的电离辐射效应及室温退火特性研究。研究结果表明:器件输出电压、输入输出压差等敏感参数在电离辐射环境下发生了不同程度的变化,且在零偏偏置辐照下的变化比工作偏置辐照下的变化大;在零偏偏置条件,总剂量相同时低剂量率辐照下的损伤明显大于高剂量率辐照,表现出低剂量率损伤增强效应;在工作偏置条件,高剂量率辐照下的损伤大于低剂量率辐照下的损伤,但随后的退火实验中恢复到低剂量率辐照损伤水平,表现出时间相关效应。对稳压器辐射敏感参数的影响因素和不同偏置下的剂量率影响进行了分析和讨论。     

JFET输入运算放大器辐射损伤的退火行为

The elevated and room temperature annealing behavior of radiation damage in JFET-input operational amplifiers （op-amps） were investigated. High- and low-dose-rate irradiation results show that one of the JFET-input op-amps studied in this paper exhibits enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity and the other shows time-dependent effect. The offset voltage of both op-amps increases during long-term annealing at room temperature. However, the offset voltage decreases at elevated temperature. The dramatic difference in annealing behavior at room and elevated temperatures indicates the migration behavior of radiation-induced species at elevated and room temperatures. This provides useful information to understand the degradation and annealing mechanisms in JFET-input op-amps under total ionizing radiation. Moreover, the annealing of oxide trapped charges should be taken into consideration, when using elevated temperature methods to evaluate low-dose-rate damage.     

Annealing behavior of radiation damage in JFET-input operational amplifiers

The elevated and room temperature annealing behavior of radiation damage in JFET-input operational amplifiers (op-amps) were investigated. High-and low-dose-rate irradiation results show that one of the JFET-input op-amps studied in this paper exhibits enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity and the other shows time-dependent effect. The offset voltage of both op-amps increases during long-term annealing at room temperature. However, the offset voltage decreases at elevated temperature. The dramatic difference in annealing behavior at room and elevated temperatures indicates the migration behavior of radiation-induced species at elevated and room temperatures. This provides useful information to understand the degradation and annealing mechanisms in JFET-input op-amps under total ionizing radiation. Moreover, the annealing of oxide trapped charges should be taken into consideration, when using elevated temperature methods to evaluate low-dose-rate damage.     

CMOS运算放大器的辐照和退火行为

介绍了CMOS运算放大器电路经电离辐照后 ,在不同偏置及不同退火温度下 ,运放整体性能参数、电路内部单管特性及功能单元电路的节点电流、电压的变化规律 ,分析了引起运放辐照后继续损伤退化的基本原因 .结果显示 ,运放电路辐照后的退火行为与偏置及温度均有较大的依赖关系 ,而这种关系与辐照感生的氧化物电荷和Si/SiO2 界面态密度的增长与退火直接相关     

不同类型双极晶体管抗辐照性能的研究

时于制作工艺相同的NPN和LPNP两种类型的双极型晶体管进行了辐照实验,研究了不同类型双极晶体管的电离总剂量辐射损伤机理和退火效应。实验结果表明：在相同的辐照总剂量下．LPNP型双极晶体管的归一化电流增益的下降比NPN型双极晶体管的下降多．说明LPNP型双极晶体管的辐照敏感性更强。这与NPN和LPNP这两种类型的双极晶体管的辐射损伤机理的不同有关。对于NPN型双极晶体管,电离辐照总剂照效应主要是造成氧化物正电荷的积累：而对于LPNP型双极晶体管．电离辐照总剂量效应主要是造成界面态密度的增加。     

运算放大器中JFET对管的制作技术及其发展前景

JFET与双极器件相结合,可以获得高速/宽带/高输入阻抗的运算放大器。但由于工艺水平的限制,Bi-JFET单片兼容工艺中的场效应器件的特性并不很理想,影响了电路的性能。目前的高性能场效应运放,基本上是采用高性能JFET对管与纵向p-n-p、n-p-n混合组装而成。本文分析了场效应运放中场效应器件制作技术的发展,提出了两种新的单片高性能JF-ET对管与高性能纵向p-n-p、n-p-n兼容工艺,以期能结合自动稳零技术,制造出单片高速、宽带、高输入阻抗、低失调、高精度运放。     

Analysis of the noise characteristics of current-feedback operational amplifier

The noise performance of Current-Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA) is investigated in this paper and a general noise model useful for both simulation and hand calculation is proposed. Comparison with the noise characteristics of conventional op-amps is also carried out showing comparable noise voltage and worst noise current for the CFOA. Some peculiar CFOA features, having no equivalence in conventional op-amps, are also highlighted. Finally, SPICE simulations based on a standard bipolar technology are found to be in a very good agreement with the theoretical results.     

Extracting the fitting parameters for the conversion model of enhanced low dose rate sensitivity in bipolar devices

A technique for extracting the fitting parameters of the conversion model of enhanced low dose rate sensitivity in bipolar integrated circuits is proposed. This technique is based on studying postirradiation annealing and high-temperature irradiation. Proceeding from the experimental results for two types of bipolar transistors, the parameters of the conversion model are determined and the S-shaped characteristics of the examined devices are reconstructed. These data can be used to predict their long-term lifetime in space under exposure to low dose rates of ionizing radiation.     

Radiation damage effects on bipolar and MOS devices in X-Ray lithography

Radiation damage effects of bipolar and MOS transistors have been investigated using the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) storage ring of the national synchrotron light source (NSLS). The devices under investigation were exposed to x-ray radiation and electrical measurements were performed to determine the radiation effects on device parameters. It was found for bipolar devices that the current gain is the parameter that is most sensitive to x-ray irradiation. The current gain decreases as the dose increases and the degradation reaches saturation at 1000 mJ/cm². Upon annealing in forming gas at 400° C for 30 min, the current gain recovered its pre-irradiation value and stress test did not show any reliability problem. Bothn-channel andp-channel MOS devices with polysilicon gates were investigated. Host of the relevant device parameters were measured before and after irradiation and after annealing. Upon irradiation the threshold voltage shows the most obvious shift, which was more negative in both cases. However, thep- channel devices experienced a much larger shift than then-channel ones. The transconductance of the devices also experienced a shift.     

双极晶体管的低剂量率电离辐射效应

通过对npn管和pnp管进行不同剂量率的电离辐射实验,研究了双极晶体管的低剂量率辐射效应.结果表明,双极晶体管在低剂量率辐照下电流增益下降更为显著,这是由于低剂量率辐照在氧化层中感生了更多的净氧化物正电荷浓度,致使低剂量率下过量基极电流明显增大.而辐照后npn管比pnp管具有更大的有效表面复合面积,致使前者比后者有更大的表面复合电流,从而导致了在各种剂量率辐照下,npn管比pnp管对电离辐射都更为敏感.