孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层地质建模探讨

以中东白垩系生物碎屑灰岩为例,基于多个油田的岩心资料、铸体薄片资料、分析化验资料及测井资料开展研究,从孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层特征入手,总结了孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层建模难点及建模方法。孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层成因要受沉积作用和成岩作用双重控制,构造作用影响弱,生物碎屑含量高;以铸模孔、生物体腔孔和残余体腔孔等次生孔隙为主;储层厚度大,垂向非均质性强。研究表明:孔隙型储层建模难点主要在构建储层格架模型、储层属性模型及建模约束方法三方面:物性隔夹层隐蔽性强,测井解释困难;贼层成因多样,静态资料难以识别;微裂缝随机展布,空间展布预测困难;复杂的孔渗关系制约了渗透率模型的建立;强烈的成岩改造降低了沉积相对储层物性的约束,不同类型储层地球物理响应区分性低,造成井间模拟约束效果差。孔隙型储层建模的方法主要有相控建模、成因建模和等时建模,其中相控建模中基于岩相的相控建模应用最为普遍。同时指出孔隙型储层建模存在问题和不足:建模方法和随机模拟算法比较局限;储层构型研究薄弱,地质知识库不健全;地震多级约束方法、虚拟井约束方法及水平井建模技术等研究不够深入;储层的穿时性和展布方向模糊化制约了变差函数分析的有效性。     

元坝须三段致密含钙砂砾岩地层测井响应特征及岩性识别方法

致密含钙砂砾岩地层岩石类型多样,含钙屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩、炭质砂岩、砂砾岩等,然而含钙砂砾岩地层不同岩石类型测井响应差异小、识别难,岩性识别成为制约该类储层有效勘探开发的关键.以多级交会图为手段,详细分析各岩石类型测井响应特征及差异的内在成因,确定各岩石类型在测井交会图上的分布区间,实现岩性逐级判别.首先将含钙砂砾岩地层岩性分为煤、泥岩、砾岩、砂岩四大类,采用电阻率、伽马等测井方法识别四大类岩性;然后,根据砾石含量将砾岩分为含砂砾岩、砂质砾岩两小类,采用电阻率、中子等测井方法对砾岩进行细分;接着,根据组分及粒度将砂岩划分为炭质砂岩、中-粗粒钙屑砂岩、细粒钙屑砂岩、钙屑粉砂岩-常规岩屑砂岩四小类,采用电阻率、伽马等测井方法对砂岩进行细分;最终实现基于多级交会图的含钙致密砂砾岩地层四大类八小类岩性识别,识别结果与岩心、薄片吻合较好.该方法为明确致密含钙砂砾岩地层各类岩性测井响应特征、建立岩性剖面及确定有利储层展布提供了依据.     

电成像孔隙度谱在砂砾岩有效储层识别的应用

砂砾岩体储层非均值性强、孔隙结构复杂,测井识别储层有效性难度大.以红车断裂带佳木河组砂砾岩地层为研究对象,综合运用物性、岩石薄片、压汞等资料,将研究区储层孔隙结构划分为三种类型.鉴于中基性母岩顺磁矿物的影响,核磁共振测井对孔隙结构及储层有效性反应不灵敏,因此,充分利用电成像资料反映井壁砂砾岩体非均质性的优势,根据其电阻...     

安塞油田坪桥水平井区储层精细描述

安塞油田坪桥水平井区长 6 1 1 小层为典型特低渗储层 ,主要沉积类型为三角洲前缘分流河道和分流间微相 ,通过对取心井的岩电关系分析 ,建立了岩石相测井解释模型 .在储层特征分析基础上 ,对水平井区长 6 1 1 小层完成了三维储层建模 ,内容包括井模型研究、三维构造建模、三维流动单元建模及三维岩石物理参数建模 .该区特低渗储层呈“叠合状”和“离散状”分布模式 ,所建三维流动单元模型及三维储层参数模型较客观地反映了地下储层特征 .     

安塞油田坪桥水平井区储层精细描述

安塞油田坪桥水平井区长６ １＾１小层为典型低渗储层，主要沉积类型为三角洲前缘分流河道和分流间微相，通过对取心井的岩电关系分析，建立了岩石相测井解释模型。在储层特征分析基础上，对水平井区长６ １＾１小层完成了三维储层建模，内容包括井模型研究，三维构造建模，三维流动单元建模及三维岩石物理参数建模，该区特低渗储层呈“叠合状”和“离散状”分布模式，所建三维流动单元模型及三维储层参数模型较客观地反映了地下储     

兴城气田白垩系营城组砂砾岩沉积特征与沉积环境演化

天然气勘探证实徐家围子断陷兴城气田营城组营四段砂砾岩具有较好勘探潜力.为指导该气田下一步的勘探开发,需要确定砂砾岩沉积相类型及其时空演化.利用钻井、岩心、测井和地震资料,对兴城气田营四段砂砾岩的沉积特征、沉积相类型和沉积环境演化进行了研究.营四段砾石以细砾和中砾为主(粒径主要在2-20mm),分选差,成分复杂,以中一酸性熔岩和中一酸性火山碎屑岩为主.砂砾岩颜色、粒度、结构、沉积构造、岩石相、测井相以及沉积序列特征指示其为砾质辫状河三角洲相沉积,以三角洲前缘亚相为主,并主要沉积了水下分流河道、河口坝微相.营四段上亚段砾石磨圆度较好,砂砾岩沉积厚度大,且横向上连片性好,属于长流程砾质辫状河三角洲沉积,构成了气田砂砾岩的主力储层段;下亚段砾石磨圆度差,砂砾岩层薄且面积小,细粒杂基含量增加,为短流程砾质辫状河三角洲沉积,储层不发育.     

砂砾岩油藏中流体的核磁共振响应特征

砂砾岩油藏储层物性差,属于低孔、低渗油藏,利用常规测井资料进行储层评价、油气水层判别以及地质特征研究存在很大困难,主要表现为：一是岩性复杂、储层基质孔隙度低,电阻率测井响应受岩石骨架和孔隙结构影响严重,反映储层孔隙流体性质的信息弱。使储层流体性质难以判断;二是非均质性强,裂缝、溶蚀孔发育使各向异性明显增强、孔隙结构复杂,储层参数计算模型建立存在困难;三是地层埋藏深,地震资料构造特征不明显或无法确定构造特征。因此需要有效的方法对砂砾岩体储层进行评价,以寻找油气富集高产带。     

电成像测井资料在砂砾岩油气藏岩性识别中的应用

徐家围子断陷深层砂砾岩段是该区重要的目的储层,该类储层非均质性强、岩性复杂,常规测井响应曲线规律性差,难以准确识别储层岩性。本文利用地层微电阻率成像测井(FMI)资料,并充分结合岩心、薄片等信息,将研究区砂砾岩体典型岩石的FMI图像作为模板,总结相应的FMI图像特征,建立各种岩性在FMI图像上的识别模式,以此定性分析法指导其它井段的岩性识别。在实际应用中,利用砂砾岩体各种岩性的FMI图像识别模式,对研究区几口井目的层段进行了岩性识别,识别结果与岩心、薄片定名资料的符合率达82.4%。     

利用FMI测井评价车西洼陷北带砂砾岩储层

车西洼陷北部陡坡带发育了大量碳酸盐砂砾岩扇体,扇体物性差,成岩作用强,次生孔隙发育情况变化大,孔、渗关系复杂,储层物性评价及流体识别难度很大。针对该地区储层特征,利用丰富的测井资料特别是电成像测井资料,结合岩石物理实验、试油结果等资料,开展了电成像测井识别储层岩性、储集类型和沉积相研究,将储层分为溶蚀—裂缝型、裂缝型和孔隙型等三种类型,FMI与常规测井资料结合较准确地评价了储层物性,利用电成像测井资料研究沉积相,指导评价井的部署,及时调整勘探方向,实现经济效益最大化。     

自然伽马能谱测井的应用——研究砂砾岩油藏

砂砾岩油藏岩性、物性、电性及含油性之间的关系复杂,测井评价困难较大。自然伽马能谱测井可以测量地层总自然伽马、无铀伽马、铀、钍和钾的含量,在砂砾岩油藏中具有重要的应用价值。本文以陈家庄凸起南斜坡带砂砾岩油藏为例,介绍了自然伽马能谱测井在储层划分、隔层和裂缝的识别、储层敏感性分析以及油层识别等方面的应用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.