国内外简讯

上海开发出新型抗菌PVC塑料华东理工大学超细材料制备与应用教授部重点实验室和上海氯碱化工股份有限公司合作 ,开发成功纳米复合抗菌聚氯乙烯功能塑料制备技术 ,制备出抗菌性能优异的聚氯乙烯塑料。这一新技术日前通过上海市科委主持的专家鉴定。他们将纳米抗菌粉体研磨分散和湿法处理相结合 ,针对无机抗菌粉体 ,开发了湿法复合表面改性新技术。利用钛酸酯类偶联剂和硬脂酸对载银二氧化钛抗菌粉体进行复合改性 ,改善了抗菌粉体在聚氯乙烯基体中分散性能及界面相容性 ,提高了抗菌粉体聚氯乙烯的拉伸性能和冲击强度等力学性能。首次将载银…     

上海开发出新型抗菌PVC塑料

华东理工大学超细材料制备与应用教授部重点实验室和上海氯碱化工股份有限公司合作 ,开发成功纳米复合抗菌聚氯乙烯功能塑料制备技术 ,制备出抗菌性能优异的聚氯乙烯塑料。这一新技术日前通过上海市科委主持的专家鉴定。他们将纳米抗菌粉体研磨分散和湿法处理相结合 ,针对无机抗菌粉体 ,开发了湿法复合表面改性新技术。利用钛酸酯类偶联剂和硬脂酸对载银二氧化钛抗菌粉体进行复合改性 ,改善了抗菌粉体在聚氯乙烯基体中分散性能及界面相容性 ,提高了抗菌粉体聚氯乙烯的拉伸和冲击强度等力学性能。首次将载银磷酸锆纳米抗菌粉体应用于硬质聚氯…     

新品开发

上海开发出新型抗菌PVC塑料华东理工大学超细材料制备与应用教授部点实验室和上海氯碱化工股份有限公司合作,开发成功纳米复合抗菌聚氯乙烯功能塑料制备技术,制备出抗菌性能优异的聚氯乙烯塑料。这一新技术日前通过上海市科委主持的专家鉴定。他们将纳米抗菌粉体研磨分散和湿法处理相结合,针对无机抗菌粉体,开发了湿法复合表面改性新技术。利用钛酸酯类偶联剂和硬脂酸对载银二氧化钛抗菌粉体进行复合改性,改善了抗菌粉体在聚氯乙烯基体中分散性能及界面相容性,提高了抗菌粉体聚氯乙烯的拉伸和冲击强度等力学性能。首次将载银磷酸锆纳米抗…     

纳米Ce/TiO2无机抗菌剂的制备及其性能评价

以纳米锐钛矿型TiO2粉体和硝酸铈为原料,采用浸渍法制备了纳米Ce/TiO2无机抗菌剂,运用抑菌圈法对其抗菌性能进行了评价,并对其抗菌机理进行了探讨. 结果表明,制备得到的纳米Ce/TiO2无机抗菌剂在黑暗中具有优异的抗菌性能,其抗菌机理为稀土元素铈离子溶出抗菌.     

无机抗菌粉体中银价态与抗菌性能研究

以SiO2为基体，Ag^ 作为主要抗菌成分的无机抗菌剂粉体，控制银离子的含量为n（Ag）：n（Si）=0.0286时，在无机抗菌剂中分别引入摩尔分数约30％的Al^3 或60％的Zn^2 ，用于稳定无机抗菌剂中银价态，制备出不变色的无机抗菌粉末。利用XPS技术分析和抗菌性能测试，研究不同温度下抗菌粉体的抗菌性能和银价态关系，揭示含银无机抗菌剂银价态和抗菌性能关系及其机制。研究发现：银离子的价态对粉体的抗菌性能影响很大，当银离子以AgO状态存在时，粉体的抗菌性能较好，若为银单质存在，则抗菌性能下降。Zn^2 的加入，有利于稳定高温时抗菌粉体中的银离子仍以银的氧化物状态存在。     

稀土负载型纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂的研制

以纳米锐钛矿型二氧化钛粉体和硝酸铈为原料,采用浸渍法制备了稀土元素铈负载纳米二氧化钛抗菌剂,运用抑菌圈法对其在黑暗中、日光灯照射下和自然光照射下的抗菌性能进行了评价,探讨了其抗菌机理.结果表明铈负载后,纳米二氧化钛的反射光谱特性红移到了500nm,表现出优异的抗菌性能,在光照下其抗菌机理为稀土激活光催化抗菌和铈离子溶出抗菌的协同作用机理.     

有机／无机抗菌剂复合改性硅橡胶导尿管材料的制备及其对绿脓杆菌生物膜形成的影响

以加成型双组分硅橡胶作制造导尿管的材料,在其表面涂覆含磷酸锆负载银离子的双组分硅凝胶;硫化后浸泡饱和季铵盐溶液,再经等离子处理,接枝上季铵盐,制得有机/无机抗菌剂复合改性硅橡胶.考察了有机/无机抗菌剂复合改性对硅橡胶力学性能、疏水性能、抗菌性能的影响,并用扫描电镜和红外光谱对改性硅橡胶进行了表征.结果表明,无机抗菌粉体在硅橡胶表面的分散比较均匀,季铵盐接枝到硅橡胶表面;硅凝胶涂层对硅橡胶力学性能影响很小;有机/无机抗菌剂复合改性能降低硅橡胶的表面接触角,等离子体处理距离为25 mm时含无机抗菌粉体的硅橡胶的表面接触角均≤90°;有机/无机复合改性硅橡胶对绿脓杆菌的抑制率比传统导尿管大大提高,其中含30%无机抗菌粉体的硅橡胶的抑制率到达87%,达到国家标准要求.     

TiO_2溶胶载体吸附锌/铜/银离子抗菌复合粉体的制备与研究

以TiO2溶胶为载体,研究其吸附不同摩尔锌、铜、银离子,不同的离子添加方式以及不同pH值等条件下一系列的抗菌复合粉体的抗菌性能,通过抑菌圈试验对其抗菌性能进行了定性分析。利用XRD、SEM对复合粉体的结构进行了表征。研究结果表明,吸附锌、铜双离子比不吸附任何离子或单独吸附某一离子的抗菌性要好,加入少量的银离子有利于提高吸附锌铜双离子的复合粉体的抗菌性能。加入络合过的银离子比未络合的具有更好的抗菌性能。当锌、铜的加入摩尔比为2∶1,锌、铜溶液的浓度同为0.3mol/L,温度在30℃下搅拌1~2h,微波加热20~45s,pH值为2~3,热处理温度为450℃,保温1h时制得的粉体的抗菌效果较好。     

载锌抗菌剂在发泡EVA中的应用研究

以铝酸酯、硅烷、硼酸酯偶联剂为改性剂，分别对栽锌抗菌剂粉体进行表面改性，并用吸水性测定法、粘度法、红外光谱法评价抗菌粉体表面改性效果。用扫描电镜观察了抗菌粉体在EVA（乙烯／醋酸乙烯共聚物）基材中的分散性，以及对EVA发泡材料泡孔的影响；同时检测了EVA／抗菌粉体复合发泡材料的力学性能和抗菌性能。结果表明：3种偶联剂中，硼酸酯的改性效果最好，抗菌粉体表面与硼酸酯产生了明显的化学键合；加2％抗菌粉体（硼酸酯处理）的EVA发泡材料，撕裂强度提高28．6％，断裂伸长率提高45．8％，密度降低13．5％，对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有良好的抗菌抑菌效果。     

载银纳米二氧化硅抗菌粉体材料的制备

研究了以平均粒径13nm的二氧化硅为载体，银单质为抗菌剂的载银纳米抗菌粉体材料的制备工艺及抗菌性能。通过化学还原法在其表面负载理论含量为0．7％～4％（质量分数）金属银，采用抑菌环法和振荡烧瓶法对其抗菌性能进行了检测，结果表明，载银3％（质量分数）的纳米二氧化硅在80～140℃烧结温度范围内制得抗菌粉体对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌率几乎达到100％，具有优良的抗菌性能，可用于抗菌塑料、抗菌食品包装和抗菌纺织制品等领域。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。