我院静脉用药调配中心临床不合理用药干预成效分析

目的 考察静脉用药调配中心（PIVAS）采取的干预措施对临床科室不合理静脉用药的影响。方法 依据药品说明书并结合《处方管理办法》等,对干预前后审核的静脉用药医嘱分类统计并进行分析。结果 该院干预后不合理医嘱占0.30%,明显低于干预前的0.58%,同时医生对医嘱的修改率也由58.68%提升到87.99%,PIVAS采取的干预措施初显成效。结论 PIVAS通过对医嘱审核的干预,有效地减少了不合理用药现象的产生,保障了患者的用药安全,体现了以患者为中心的药学服务理念。     

静脉用药集中调配中心合理用药审核工作模式的探讨

目的探讨静脉用药集中调配中心(PIVAS)合理用药审核的工作模式。方法采用EXCEL2007统计分析了2011年1月至10月PIVAS医嘱审核干预情况以及干预成功率的变化,评价采用规范化医嘱审核干预工作模式的合理性和实用性。结果建立了实时审核干预流程,由专人审核医嘱,登记问题医嘱审核登记表,避免了对不合理医嘱漏审错审的情况,提高了医嘱审核质量;加强了与病区之间的沟通联系,有利于医药护互助互补,最大程度规避不合理医嘱的安全隐患,共同保障患者用药安全。结论我院静脉配液中心建立的医嘱实时审核干预流程,为药师审核干预临床的问题医嘱提供了标准化流程和规范化方法。     

PIVAS不合理用药分析及干预

目的：探讨静脉药物配置中心（ PIVAS）不合理用药情况及保障患者合理用药的措施。方法对医院2013年1－12月PIVAS不合理用药情况进行统计分析。结果不合理用药情况主要有溶媒选择不合理、给药剂量不当、给药浓度不合理以及药物间配伍禁忌等。结论药学干预能减少临床不合理用药的发生,通过医嘱审核及干预,静脉用药医嘱得到了有效规范,药师在提高静脉用药合理性和适宜性、保障患者用药安全方面发挥了重要作用。     

我院静脉药物调配中心不合理处方分析

目的探讨静脉药物调配中心(PIVAS)不合理处方的原因,提高临床合理用药水平。方法对我院2012年8月~2014年5月处方进行统计分析和归纳。结果审核102 092份医嘱中不合理处方占411份(0.40%),其中,溶媒选择不合理、溶媒用量不当、超说明书用药、配伍禁忌、给药途径不合理、医嘱录入错误、未达到治疗剂量等占主要因素。结论药师对不合理处方进行干预,减少不合理用药现象,保障患者用药安全,促进临床合理用药。     

某院静脉用药调配中心药师审方工作中的过度干预处方分析

目的 提高静脉用药调配中心（PIVAS）药师审方工作质量,促进审方的合理化、规范化。方法 采用回顾性研究方法,对2020年1～6月某院PIVAS药师已审核干预的静脉用药处方进行原处方合理性再审查,分析并探讨药师在审方工作中存在的过度干预问题。结果 PIVAS药师共干预处方2 254组,其中过度干预共201组,过度干预率为8.92%;过度干预的处方药物主要为抗菌药物和抗肿瘤药物等,占总数的68.66%;过度干预的处方内容主要为溶媒选择、用药剂量、用药疗程等,占总数的69.15%。结论 PIVAS药师应加强临床多学科知识理论学习,丰富临床思维,从临床实际出发,更好地为患者提供个体化的精准药学服务。     

我院静脉药物配置中心用药分析

目的:了解本院静脉输注药物使用的合理性,提高临床合理用药水平。方法:随机抽取本院2004年8月—2005年8月静脉药物配置中心的处方进行分析和干预。结果:PIVAS先进的静脉药物配置技术和药师全面参与临床合理用药是医院药学服务的重要内容,对全面提升药物的治疗水平起着重要的作用。结论:药师通过PIVAS这一平台,为临床合理用药提供依据和参考。     

静脉用药调配中心的干预管理对临床科室不合理静脉用药的影响

目的探讨静脉用药调配中心(Pharmacy intravenous admixture service,以下简称PIVAS)的干预措施对临床科室不合理静脉用药的影响。方法选取我院2014年1月至2014年5月实施干预措施前的静脉用药医嘱情况作为对照组,2015年1月至2015年5月实施干预措施后的静脉用药医嘱情况作为观察组进行对比研究,对干预前后的不合理静脉用药医嘱进行分类统计、分析,观察我院PIVAS对临床科室静脉用药医嘱的不合理医嘱情况及修改率的干预效果。结果通过对比实施干预措施前后的不合理医嘱及修改率可知,实施干预措施前不合理医嘱为1.10%,实施干预措施后不合理医嘱为0.42%;医嘱修改率也由干预前的59.21%提升到干预后的72.35%(P<0.05)。结论 PIVAS对临床静脉用药医嘱采取适宜的干预措施,能有效地减少临床科室不合理使用静脉药物,值得在医疗活动过程中继续深入推行,更好地为患者安全、合理用药提供保障。     

临床药师以静脉用药调配中心为平台开展营养支持工作的实践

目的:探讨临床药师以静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)为平台开展全面、全程参与营养支持的工作模式。方法:PIVAS的临床营养药师除服务所在病区,为专科提供临床药学服务外,还依托PIVAS,对全院肠外营养液(TPN)医嘱进行审核、把关,如发现不合理医嘱,主动跟临床医师联系,开展用药指导、院内会诊,规范全院营养支持工作;此外,在PIVAS的工作中,临床营养药师充分参与TPN配置质量的管理,使药学监护在患者用药前、用药中、用药后全程覆盖,有效保证了患者的安全合理用药。结果与结论:临床营养药师能够从临床给药方案制订、医嘱审核、肠外营养液规范化配置、用药监护、药学咨询等各方面开展临床营养工作,丰富并拓宽了临床药师发挥专业性作用的舞台,有力提高了医院合理用药的水平,推动了临床营养的蓬勃发展。     

医院静脉药物配制中心建立前后医嘱单静脉用药的合理性比较

目的:比较静脉药物配制中心(PIVAS)建立前后医嘱单静脉用药的合理性。方法:选取PIVAS建立前(2013年1—12月)静脉用药长期医嘱单为A组,PIVAS建立后(2015年1—12月)静脉用药长期医嘱单为B组,分析医嘱单用药不合理缺陷的原因,干预临床不合理用药医嘱,促使临床合理用药。结果:A组有117 381组(每瓶输液为1组)医嘱存在用药不合理现象占20.67%;B组有45 147组占8.06%,药师分析后事前做了干预,纠正率由25.05%提高到94.78%。结论:PIVAS药师在医嘱未执行前对其审核,并采取多种干预方式干预,有效制止了不合理用药现象,促进临床合理用药。     

某院静脉用药调配中心不合理输液医嘱分析

目的:调查分析静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)不合理输液医嘱,以规范临床合理用药,减少用药错误。方法:调取我院PIVAS 2019年1月至6月期间接收的全部静脉用药医嘱,对不合理输液医嘱进行统计分析。结果:共181份不合理输液医嘱,主要存在配伍不当、溶媒选择不当、溶媒用量不当、给药剂量不当等。结论:依托PIVAS药师医嘱审核,为临床提供更加可靠的用药信息,确保患者用药安全、合理。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.