炸药爆轰参数与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系

为研究炸药爆轰参数与空中爆炸冲击波超压之间的关系,设计了不同铝含量的RDX/Al、HMX/Al混合炸药,并进行了空中爆炸试验。根据爆炸相似理论,用相同条件下实测TNT超压数据,计算了冲击波超压的TNT当量。采用不同方法计算了炸药的爆轰参数。结果表明,炸药空中爆炸冲击波超压与爆热、爆容和爆速乘积TNT当量的1/3次方满足线性关系,且回归线在y轴上的截距为0,斜率与炸药的类型有关。对于TNT,斜率为1;对于RDX/Al混合炸药,斜率为1.053(R2=0.9996);对HMX/Al混合炸药,斜率为1.073(R2=0.9995),表明炸药的爆热、爆速和爆容对空中爆炸冲击波超压的影响相同。     

铝粉含量对梯铝炸药爆压和冲击波参数的影响

测试了以TNT为基不同含量含铝炸药的爆压和空中爆炸冲击波参数,通过分析铝粉对炸药爆压、空中爆炸参数和爆炸冲击波超压的影响,建立了爆压与铝氧比的关系曲线、5种TNT基含铝炸药的冲击波相似律方程和TNT/Al炸药的爆压与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系式.结果表明,随着铝粉含量的增加,炸药的爆压呈指数衰减,近距离的冲击波超压也快速减小,但爆炸场温度和爆炸火球的直径及持续时间会增大.     

RDX基含铝炸药水中爆炸近场冲击波特性

通过水中爆炸试验,得到了RDX基含铝炸药在不同比例距离((-R))处的水中冲击波峰值压力、冲量和冲击波能.结果表明,在测试范围内,(-R)＜1.5 m/kg1/3,Al的质量分数为10%～20%时,冲击波峰值压力基本不变;(-R)≥1.5 m/kg1/3时,Al的质量分数为0～30%时,冲击波峰值压力基本不变.测试范围内,Al的质量分数为20%～30%时,冲量基本不变;Al的质量分数小于20%,冲量随Al含量的增加不断增大.(-R)＜1.0 m/kg1/3时,冲击波能随比例距离的增加而不断衰减;(-R)≥1.0 m/kg1/3时,冲击波能随比例距离的增加基本保持不变.(-R)=0.79 m/kg1/3(药柱18倍半径处)时,冲击波能量利用率只有25%左右,初始冲击波能损失了近1/2～3/5.     

超压测试方法对炸药TNT当量计算结果的影响

用地面和空中冲击波超压测试系统测定了TNT和B炸药爆炸的马赫反射波超压和入射冲击波超压,计算得到不同测试条件下TNT爆炸冲击波超压的经验公式和B炸药的TNT当量。结果表明,马赫反射波超压大于入射冲击波超压,马赫反射波超压与入射冲击波超压比值随实验中对比距离的增加而增加。由马赫反射波超压和入射冲击波超压计算得到的B炸药TNT当量比分别为1.40和1.32。认为以空中入射冲击波超压测试结果计算得到的TNT当量更真实。     

装药埋深对地表空气冲击波影响的试验研究

为研究土壤中装药埋深对地表空气冲击波传播规律的影响，开展了5kg TNT的触地爆炸试验以及埋深分别为0.108、0.228、0.85m的爆炸试验，获得了多个比例距离处的冲击波峰值压力、冲量以及正压作用时间数据，分析了埋深对冲击波传播特性的影响。结果表明，冲击波峰值压力和冲量随着埋深的增加而减小，随着爆距的增大而减小；触地爆炸比例距离为4的测点处其峰值压力是比例距离为1处的3.24%,埋深为0.108m的爆炸试验比例距离为4处的测点其峰值压力是比例距离为1处的25.02%;埋深为0.108m时，比例距离为1处的峰值压力和冲量分别是触地爆炸对应值的8.7%和20.4%;并对两种工况的正压作用时间进行了分析，触地爆炸的正压作用时间随爆心距增加呈指数增加，埋深为0.85m的爆炸试验其正压作用时间呈对数增加。通过对试验数据的进一步分析，建立了冲击波峰值压力、冲量与埋深、比例距离的工程计算模型，可用于浅埋爆炸时弹药威力评价与毁伤效能预估。     

TNT空中爆炸超压的相似律

利用高分辨率、高精度试压系统测定了静爆试验中不同装药量TNT的冲击波超压。依据试验数据,提出了描述冲击波超压峰值与比例距离关系的改良经验式,并与试验数据和文献值进行了对比分析。结果表明,系统的相对偏差小于5.3%,与文献数据相对偏差的平均值为5.61%,拟合的新公式可应用于战斗部爆炸威力评估和理论计算。     

负压条件下球形爆炸容器内乳化炸药冲击波参数研究

为了探究负压条件下乳化炸药冲击波参数，在4m直径可调真空度球形爆炸容器内，开展不同负压和不同药量条件下的乳化炸药内爆实验，获得冲击波的超压时程曲线，重新拟合了乳化炸药在不同负压环境下的峰值超压公式和正压冲量公式。结果表明，乳化炸药质量每减少50g,峰值超压平均下降27%;环境压力每降低20kPa,峰值超压平均下降8.66%;乳化炸药在不同负压环境下的正压冲量约为单质炸药的81.3%;负压条件下的乳化炸药峰值超压和正压冲量实验值与传统经验公式相比误差均大于10%,而基于常压实验值拟合的公式与不同工况下的实验值误差均小于4%,能够精确预测不同负压环境下乳化炸药的冲击波参数。     

小药量新型燃料空气炸药爆炸效应的实验研究

讨论一次引爆FAE燃料配方，实验测定了空气冲击波超压和冲量随距离的变化曲线，实验结果表明，固态敏化燃料中加入一定比例的金属粉，可以相应提高冲击波超压和冲量，增加FAE的爆炸威力。     

炸药空中与水中爆炸冲击波超压的换算关系

通过经验公式分析及模拟实验研究,对炸药装药空中与水中爆炸产生的冲击波超压换算关系进行了研究.结果表明,当比例距离r=R/W1/3的取值范围在1.5～2.5时,炸药装药空中与水中爆炸冲击波超压有定量的换算关系,并拟合出确定的换算公式.通过理论和经验数据分析,得出其他装药水中冲击波超压TNT当量的换算方法,冲击波参数TNT当量应根据炸药水中爆炸的冲击波能进行换算.通过对比证明,根据冲击波参数TNT当量修正后的经验公式计算结果精度可以满足工程设计使用.     

TNT爆炸的数值计算及其影响因素

应用LS-DYNA有限元程序建立了模拟TNT爆炸的数值计算模型并进行了空爆冲击波超压等数值计算。通过数值计算结果与经验公式和试验数据的对比分析,验证了计算模型和参数取值的可信性。基于数值计算结果,分析了炸药材料参数、TNT药量、单元网格密度、建模方式、空气域形状和炸药形状等参数变化对爆炸冲击波超压的影响。结果表明,与试验结果相比,数值计算结果可以作为爆炸冲击波超压的下限值,而Henrych公式、Sadovskyi公式和GB6722-2003公式给出的是超压的中位和下位值;炸药材料参数的取值、单元网格密度和炸药形状对数值模拟结果的影响与比例距离相关,比例距离小于2.0时,不能忽视其影响;冲击波超压会随TNT药量的增加而小幅度增加,但建模方式和空气域形状对数值计算结果的影响可以忽略不计。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。