薄板成形中模具硬度对拉毛影响的实验研究

借助带拉深筋的盒形件拉深工艺,模拟高强度钢板成形中的覆盖件表面拉毛行为.用表面粗糙度Ra和最大划痕深度H来定量评价冲压件拉毛程度.实验研究表明:随着拉深次数的增加,Ra值和H值越来越大,并且在成形前期和后期其数值增长速度较快;同时,Ra值和H值随模具硬度的降低而增大,即模具的硬度越低,越易于产生拉毛缺陷.     

模具表面织构对圆筒件拉深成形性能的影响

以圆筒件拉深成形为研究对象,研究模具表面织构对冲压成形性能的影响,并与实验结果进行对比。在此基础上,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立圆筒件拉深表面织构的有限元模型,研究织构的形状、尺寸、分布等基本结构参数对圆筒件拉深成形性能的影响,探究织构对板料应变、减薄率等的影响规律。结果表明：模具表面设计织构,对成形性能有一定的影响;相较于未设计织构的模具表面,在凹模圆角处设计三角形织构具有最佳的效果,可以明显地减小圆筒件拉深成形的最大减薄率,进而提高板料的冲压成形性能。     

印涂铝盖冲压拉深凹模圆角的数值模拟优化设计

以非线性有限元分析软件Dynaform为平台,将1716印涂铝盖坯料在不同圆角的凹模上的冲压拉深过程进行了数值模拟,通过对比分析数值模拟结果,确定了1716印涂铝盖冲压拉深凹模圆角的相对合理尺寸。该方法大幅度降低了模具调试的难度,缩短了模具设计制造周期,减少了1716印涂铝盖产品的生产成本。1716印涂铝盖首次拉深件质量相对优化的凹模圆角取值范围为:RA=2 mm和|RA-2 mm|0。综合考虑1716印涂铝盖的精度要求和机床的加工精度,确定选择RA=2 mm为1716印涂铝盖首次拉深凹模圆角的相对合理工艺参数。     

圆筒拉深件形状与厚度变化数值模拟分析

借助Dynaform软件,模拟分析了在不同拉深凹模圆角半径情况下,模具间隙及压边力等工艺参数对直壁圆筒拉深件外形尺寸及侧壁厚度的影响规律,并得到了该拉深件最优的凹模圆角半径参数,其值比经验公式计算结果小。通过进行两个不同凹模圆角半径的对比拉深试验,验证了数值模拟结果相对于经验公式的准确性和科学性,从而为该类零件拉深工艺方案的优化提供参考。     

5A06铝合金中厚板的拉深变形行为

由于弯曲效应,中厚板拉深时厚度方向存在明显应力梯度,使其与薄板拉深变形有所不同。通过有限元数值模拟,研究中厚板拉深变形过程中不同阶段板材厚度方向的径向应力分布规律,揭示凹模圆角大小对中厚板拉深变形径向应力的影响规律。对厚度4.5 mm的5A06铝合金板材进行不同凹模圆角条件下内径为450 mm筒形件拉深实验研究。结果表明:中厚板拉深过程中最大径向应力位于直壁区与凹模圆角过渡处;且随凹模圆角的增大,最大径向应力值逐渐减小;破裂缺陷发生在凹模圆角与直壁区过渡处,且随凹模圆角增大,破裂延缓发生,极限拉深行程显著提高,凹模相对圆角为12时的极限深度比相对圆角4.5时的提高了83%。     

弧焊环拉深划伤机理及其防止技术的研究

对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢弧焊环圆筒形冲压件拉深过程中划伤产生的机理进行了分析，明确指出弧焊环拉深时产生划伤是由7个方面的因素造成的。产生拉深划伤必须满足坯料表面存在局部凸起，在高温和高压下坯料和模具之间产生粘合，粘合点被拉开后在模具上形成牢固的粘结瘤，粘结瘤的硬度明显高于拉深坯料的表面硬度4个条件。为防止该件拉深时划伤现象的发生，则在拉深时应采用良好的润滑剂、提高模具表面的光洁度、适当降低压应力、增大凹模圆角半径、工件及模具表面保持干净、板料的材质应符合要求(特别使其塑性异性小)、镍及钛元素含量足够、退火软化完善合格、中间过渡工序的筒形件口部带有圆角的小法兰、及时消除模具上的粘结瘤、将原工艺的5次拉深改为3次拉深或2次变薄旋压。以上措施在实践中取得了成功。     

模具参数对304不锈钢圆筒拉深件残余应力的影响

过大的残余应力容易导致圆筒拉深件应力腐蚀开裂失效。通过7组切环实验及有限元模拟研究了模具参数(凹模圆角半径和凸凹模间隙)对304不锈钢圆筒拉深件残余应力的影响,测得了各圆环的张开距离,采用ABAQUS有限元软件计算出圆筒件中的残余应力。结果表明:环向残余应力先随着凸凹模间隙的增大而增大,但当凸凹模间隙大于1.06t时,环向残余应力基本不受凸凹模间隙的影响;凹模圆角半径对筒形拉深件环向残余应力几乎没有影响;中部径向残余应力随着凸凹模间隙和凹模圆角半径的增大而增大。因此,选择较小的拉深间隙对减小304不锈钢圆筒拉深件中的残余应力是有效的。     

基于等效拉深筋的汽车后柱加强板的起皱改善

板料冲压成形是汽车覆盖件的关键加工技术,该文主要研究了汽车右后柱加强板的拉深成形过程。该零件的结构特点和性能要求决定了局部区域不能出现严重起皱缺陷,为预测和消除起皱缺陷,采用有限元软件Dynaform重点分析了起皱产生的原因,在通过调整压边力、修改凸、凹模圆角半径等都不能消除起皱之后,提出修改零件局部形状和采用双重拉深筋的方法来控制材料的流动变形,从而减轻或消除拉深件的起皱。模拟结果表明,双重拉深筋能有效地改善起皱,提高拉深件的成形质量。     

某汽车尾门内板冲压工艺方案及拉深成形模设计

介绍了一种尾门内板冲压工艺方案及带有双压料芯结构的拉深成形模具,描述了零件的工艺性分析、冲压方向的选择、各工序的工艺内容及设计要点,重点分析了尾门内板拉深成形工艺、拉深成形模的模具设计及其工作原理。拉深成形模具采用凹向拉深成形,在模具结构中窗洞压料芯上置设计,分阶段控制拉深成形过程中的料流状况来消除开裂起皱等质量缺陷。通过工艺优化及基于Autoform有限元的CAE模拟分析验证,缩短了后期生产调试周期。实际生产证明,该冲压工艺方案较好地解决了尾门内板成形中的开裂起皱质量问题,零件精度及面品质量较好,同时也满足了四序化自动化线冲压生产。     

汽车覆盖件的拉深凸模与凹模表面处理探讨

介绍了汽车覆盖件的拉深凸、凹模常用几种表面强化处理方法,分析各自的工作原理、优缺点及其应用领域,为合理选择凸、凹模表面处理方法,提升拉深件质量,提高模具使用寿命提供参考。     

Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of different high strength carbon steels after hot stamping

Usage of high strength steels may reduce the weight of automobiles and improve the crash safety and low down the gas emissions. Besides cold forming, hot stamping has gained much interest for the production of car body components. Boron alloyed steels have been the point of focus for the materials choice in hot stamping. In this paper, four high strength non-boron alloyed steels were hot stamped using water and nitrogen cooling media. Microstructural analyses, lateral and surface hardness profiling as well as tensile tests of hot stamped samples were performed. These steels provided yield strength (Y.S.) values of 600-1100 MPa and ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S.) values of 900-1400 MPa. Increasing cooling rates, i.e. by using nitrogen cooled punch (NCP) during hot stamping resulted in mostly martensitic microstructure and maximum strength, while hot stamping using water cooled punch (WCP) resulted in maximum formability index due to presence of some ferrite phase.     

车门外板覆盖件成形工艺研究

分析了车门外板覆盖件的成形方法及易产生的缺陷 ,制定了CA6471车门外板的冲压工艺 ,采用该工艺生产的车门外板零件表面质量及尺寸精度均满足要求。     

汽车前围板冲压数值模拟及工艺参数优化

针对汽车覆盖件冲压过程变形复杂的特点,对某型号汽车前围板零件拉深过程进行数值模拟,分析压边力及拉延筋的变化对该零件成形效果的影响。通过成形极限图优化压边力及拉延筋,最终获取该零件拉深工序合适的工艺参数,为汽车覆盖件冲压工艺提供快速、有效的设计方法。     

Tribological testing of commercial CrN, (Ti,Al)N and CrC/C PVD coatings — Evaluation of galling and wear characteristics against different high strength steels

The increasing use of high strength steels in a variety of mechanical engineering applications has illuminated problems associated with galling in sheet metal forming operations. Galling is a tribological phenomenon associated with transfer of material from the steel sheet to the tool surface during forming resulting in seizure of the tool/steel sheet contact and extensive scratching of the steel sheet surface. As a result, a number of concepts have been developed in order to reduce the tendency of galling in sheet metal forming, including the development of new dry lubricants, new forming tool steel grades and improved surface engineering treatments such as the deposition of low friction CVD- and PVD-coatings. In the present study the potential performance of three commercial PVD coatings, including CrN, (Ti,Al)N and a CrC/C DLC-based coating, in the forming of hot and cold rolled high strength steel as well as electro and hot-dip galvanized high strength steel has been evaluated using pin-on-disc testing under lubricated contact conditions. Post-test examination of the tribosurfaces using FEG-SEM and EDS analyses was performed in order to evaluate the mechanisms controlling the tendency to material transfer and wear. The results show that in contact with the hot and cold rolled steel the material pick-up tendency of the PVD coatings tend to increase in the order CrC/C-CrN-(Ti,Al)N while in contact with the two galvanized steel sheets, the CrC/C and the (Ti,Al)N coating show a significantly lower material pick-up tendency as compared with the CrN coating. Further, the substrate hardness has a strong influence on the wear of the PVD coatings and consequently on the friction characteristics and galling tendency of the coating/substrate composite. Low substrate hardness, resulting in a low load bearing capacity, increases the tendency to cracking and subsequently chipping of the brittle coating.     

军车车门总成柔性化冲压试制工艺研究及应用

针对车门外板复杂的细节特征需投入多套工装才能保证样件尺寸精度,提出了一种柔性化冲压试制工艺方案。首先分析车门外板必要的成形工序,结合各工序工装特点,将车门外板的拉延、翻边及总成包边3道工序集成在一套工装上,将拉延凹模设计成镶块结构,通过镶块的倒置以及调整修边线和分模线位置实现"一模多用";其次,给出了该柔性化冲压试制工艺的适用条件;最后以某军车车门总成为例,对该柔性化冲压试制工艺方案及模具进行了验证。结果表明:相比传统方案,该柔性化冲压方案可减少工装2套、节约费用45%、缩减生产周期40%。     

汽车冲压模具弹簧的失效分析

为了寻找某一汽车零件冲压模具弹簧的失效原因,对弹簧断口部位进行了化学成分、金相组织、硬度、断口SEM扫描等测试。检验的结果表明,失效是由于在高交变应力作用下,弹簧丝在内侧表面附近区域形成了疲劳裂纹源,并最终导致弹簧早期疲劳断裂。     

Evaluation of stamping lubricants at various temperature levels using the ironing test

Lubricants are employed in stamping operations in order to (a) improve the material flow into the die cavity, (b) reduce wear and galling in the die and (c) obtain good surface finish of the part. Process conditions such as high temperatures and pressures could cause the lubricant to fail, thus resulting in galling or tearing of the part, damage to the tooling, and lost production. Therefore, selection of an appropriate lubricant based on the process conditions is important in the stamping industry. Several benchmark tests emulating stamping operations have been developed and are used to evaluate the performance of candidate lubricants. The major drawback of most of these tests is their inability to emulate high contact pressures and sliding velocities, which are crucial parameters for lubricity, especially in the case of high-speed progressive or transfer die operations involving ironing. Moreover, most of these tests are conducted at room temperature, while in reality; the process temperature can reach as high as 200 °C. The ironing tribotest developed at the Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing (ERC/NSM) induces high contact pressures and temperatures, thus emulating the conditions in a production environment. Application of the test to screen candidate lubricants for stamping operations involving the ironing process is discussed in this paper.     

汽车覆盖件回弹试验及基于广义成形技术的回弹缺陷CAE分析方法

针对汽车外覆盖件冲压回弹缺陷,设计并制造4种不同的试验模具,在试验模具中包含了在汽车外覆盖件容易产生回弹的典型的反拉延特征。通过冲压试验,观察到表面回弹缺陷的产生,并搜集产生表面回弹缺陷处的最大和最小应力应变曲线图,及在回弹区域的位移偏移量云图。同时,以自主开发的商品化冲压成形CAE软件KMAS/UFT模块为平台,针对冲压过程中回弹缺陷进行精确预示,模拟计算结果与冲压试验结果基本一致。依据广义成形理论,提出针对回弹控制方案实施建议,对进一步修正冲压模具奠定基础。     

外覆盖件抗凹性能的模拟仿真研究

在汽车外覆盖件成形过程中,对于各种冲压缺陷都必须进行分析、评估。文章采用静力显示有限元算法对汽车外覆盖件的静态抗凹性能进行了数值模拟研究,分别研究了覆盖件的抗凹性能与材料、成形条件及面板曲率的关系。结果显示,高强钢能够提高覆盖件的抗凹性能,面板的抗凹性能随着面板的厚度和压边力的增大而增加,而且覆盖件曲率越小,其静态抗凹性能则越高。     

基于改进层次分析法的冲压方向优化函数权重研究

在研究冲压方向影响因素的基础上,以参考方向的角度为变量,以初始接触面积、接触点的个数和接触点分散均匀程度为目标函数,建立了冲压方向优化模型。为克服冲压方向目标函数优化时的权重由数学方法生成的弊端,提出了运用熵值理论对各专家评估水平赋予权重值,从而得到目标函数综合权重的改进层次分析法(AHP)。采用遗传算法分别实现数学方法和改进层次分析法确定权重的冲压方向。针对不同的汽车覆盖件,在生成冲压方向的基础上,应用自主开发的KAMS软件进行仿真测试,测试结果证明了方法的有效性。