特殊滤嘴降低卷烟烟气中CO的研究进展

总结了近年来特殊滤嘴中的添加剂材料在降低卷烟烟气中CO方面的研究进展,介绍了活性炭材料、生物材料以及低温氧化催化剂三类添加剂降低CO的应用情况。认为低温催化氧化法降低CO具有较为广阔的应用前景,并指出今后降低卷烟烟气CO研究的方向。     

用于降低卷烟烟气中CO含量的Pd-Cu/活性炭催化剂

用浸渍法制备用于降低卷烟烟气中CO含量的Pd-Cu/活性炭催化剂,考察该催化剂对模拟卷烟烟气[4.4%CO-4.2%H2O-19.2%O2-72.2%N2(体积分数)]中的CO常温催化氧化性能,研究催化剂活性组分及其负载量、催化剂栽体、原料气中CO浓度和气体空速对催化剂的CO常温氧化活性的影响.研究表明,生产成本较低的...     

过渡金属催化剂在降低再造烟叶烟气中CO含量的应用

添加造纸法再造烟叶是卷烟降焦的重要手段,但再造烟叶烟气中CO含量相对较高,降低造纸法再造烟叶烟气中的CO含量刻不容缓。研究了Cu和Co等过渡金属氧化物催化剂在降低造纸法再造烟叶烟气中CO含量的催化性能。经过对催化剂的初步筛选,Cu-Mn复合氧化物催化剂表现出最佳的CO催化氧化性能。为进一步提高催化剂的利用效率及催化活性,从两个方面进行深入研究:(1)在再造烟叶制备过程中的不同工艺阶段加入催化剂,结果发现,将催化剂的固体粉末分散在浆料中,有助于得到催化剂分散均匀的再造烟叶,烟气中的去除率为12.8%;(2)将催化剂以不同的形式分散,结果发现,将催化剂前驱体溶液与涂布液混溶是使催化剂均匀分散的最好方式,利用此方式将Cu-Mn催化剂加入再造烟叶中,使CO去除率高达15%。表明过渡金属氧化物催化剂对降低再造烟叶烟气中CO含量表现出良好的催化性能,且催化剂在再造烟叶中的分散性对催化性能有着至关重要的作用。     

降低卷烟主流烟气一氧化碳释放量的研究进展

一氧化碳(CO)是卷烟主流烟气中的有害物质之一,降低烟气中的CO对提高卷烟安全性至关重要。卷烟使用的滤嘴、烟丝(烟草薄片)和卷烟纸是影响卷烟主流烟气中CO的释放量的三个决定性因素。文章即从这三个方面介绍当前降低卷烟主流烟气一氧化碳的研究进展,并就此做了相关展望。     

卷烟纸助剂pH值对烟气pH值、CO、总粒相物及感官质量的影响

研究了卷烟纸助剂pH值对卷烟烟气pH值、CO、总粒相物及感官质量的影响,结果表明,随着卷烟纸助剂溶液pH值的升高,烟气pH值升高,卷烟主流烟气中的CO及TPM含量随之降低,卷烟纸助剂溶液pH值对卷烟感官质量也有影响,溶液显中性对卷烟抽吸品质较为有利。     

爆珠破碎对不同圆周卷烟物理性能及主流烟气的影响

为了解爆珠破碎对主流烟气中焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳（CO）、水分,以及卷烟物理性能总量、圆周、吸阻、通风的影响,试验制备了3种不同圆周的爆珠卷烟（24.3、20.0、17.0 mm）。结果表明不同圆周卷烟在爆珠捏爆后,抽吸口数、烟支重量、圆周和通风率差别不大,主流烟气焦油、烟碱、CO略有增加,水分增加最为明显,开吸阻和闭吸阻的平均值降低,变异系数增加。爆珠破碎导致吸阻降低可能是烟气常规化学指标增加的原因。此外随着卷烟圆周的减小,爆珠破碎对卷烟物理指标和烟气常规化学指标的影响逐渐降低。该研究为爆珠卷烟产品的设计分析提供参考。     

介微孔材料降低卷烟烟气中氢氰酸的研究进展

氢氰酸是卷烟烟气中含量较少且具有挥发性毒性的物质,吸烟时会随着口腔进入人体或者挥发到周围的空气中,不但会抑制人体细胞呼吸酶,造成细胞内窒息,对人体健康造成很大的危害,同时对环境安全也会造成一定的影响。介微孔材料具有较大的比表面积、孔容、孔径和材料表面可修饰性,更重要的是多孔材料大多无毒无害、易制备且能选择性的降低卷烟烟气中的有害物质,因此可以作为吸附剂或者载体应用于卷烟滤嘴中,通过物理吸附和化学吸附选择性的降低卷烟烟气中的氢氰酸。综述了几种以不同方式制备的介微孔材料降低卷烟烟气中氢氰酸的效果,并展望了介微孔材料对于降低卷烟烟气中氢氰酸释放量的研究前景。     

卷烟纸特性对卷烟燃烧及主流烟气中CO释放量的影响

为考察卷烟纸特性对卷烟燃烧及主流烟气中CO释放量的影响,采用不同特性(透气度、定量、助燃剂含量)的卷烟纸卷制卷烟,测定卷烟燃烧温度和主流烟气中的CO释放量,并分析主流烟气中CO释放量与温度积分和最高抽吸温度的相关性,结果表明:主流烟气CO释放量与温度积分显著相关,与卷烟最高抽吸温度有一定相关或不相关。     

木材颗粒在卷烟滤嘴中的应用研究

通过电镜、比表面积及微孔物理吸附仪对木材颗粒表面形貌和比表面积进行表征。在卷烟对比实验中,研究木材颗粒复合滤棒和未采用木材颗粒醋纤滤棒的吸附性能。结果表明,木材颗粒表面呈鱼鳞状,具有介孔吸附材料特性;木材颗粒复合滤嘴可以降低卷烟主流烟气中的焦油和7种有害物质,对比未使用木材颗粒复合滤嘴下降幅度分别达到了焦油8.57%,CO 2.17%,B（a）P 22.22%,NNK 4.50%,巴豆醛3.49%,HCN 20.37%,氨离子3.77%和苯酚21.16%;木材颗粒复合滤嘴可以提升烟气浓度,增加烟香丰富性和改善舒适性。     

国内外名优卷烟烟气pH值与TPM和CO相关性的研究

为了研究国内外混合型卷烟主流烟气的pH值、烟气总粒相物(TPM)及一氧化碳(CO)的相互关系,采用烟气常规分析方法对市售混合型卷烟进行了分析。结果表明:混合型卷烟的pH值随总粒相物(TPM)和一氧化碳(CO)的增加而下降,一氧化碳(CO)随总粒相物(TPM)的增加而增加。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

基于ATRP法制备的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂的吸硼性能的研究

以大分子引发剂氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)经原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法引发丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体的共聚接枝,制得一种触角状亲水性环氧载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)),再经二乙醇胺(DEA)的环氧基开环胺化反应,得到一种含多个-NCH2CH2OH螯合配基的多齿-五元螯合环的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA)。将此树脂用于硼吸附研究,结果表明,PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA树脂对硼的吸附满足Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;饱和吸附量约为37.7 mg·g-1,且树脂5 min即可达到吸附平衡,与其它已报道的吸硼树脂相比,该树脂具有更高的吸附量和吸硼速率。吸附动力学研究表明,树脂吸附硼的过程主要由颗粒扩散过程控制。重复使用5次后该树脂的吸附量基本不变,解吸率均在90%以上,重复使用性能良好。