婴幼儿急性腹泻的病原微生物检验结果分析

目的：对706例急性婴幼儿腹泻患者的实验结果进行分析,分析总结引起婴幼儿腹泻的主要原因。方法：根据细菌检测方法对志贺菌、沙门菌、致病性大肠埃希菌,侵袭性大肠埃希菌、产毒性大肠埃希菌等进行鉴定;酶联免疫吸附试剂盒检测轮状病毒,操作过程严格按相关说明进行。结果：引起婴幼儿急性腹泻的病原微生物以轮状病毒为主,占50.4%;细菌性急性腹泻以产毒性大肠埃希菌引起为主,占15.7%。结论：研究显示婴幼儿腹泻主要是由轮状病毒引起。     

A组轮状病毒与腹泻型大肠埃希菌混合感染致使婴幼儿肠道疾病的相关研究

目的 探讨A组轮状病毒与腹泻型大肠埃希菌混合感染致使婴幼儿肠道疾病的临床关系.方法 100例腹泻型肠道疾病婴幼儿,均进行细菌培养,然后对培养所得大肠杆菌进行血清分型和β-半乳糖苷酶试验(ONPG试验),检测患儿A组轮状病毒和各血清型大肠埃希菌感染情况.根据实验结果将患儿分为对照组(单纯腹泻型大肠埃希菌感染,50例)及观...     

律草栓剂止泻作用的实验研究

目的 研究律草栓剂的止泻作用。方法 采用醋酸致小鼠扭体、大黄致小鼠腹泻及小鼠肠管吸收功能实验模型。结果 律草栓剂能明显减少醋酸致小鼠疼痛的扭体次数及大黄致小鼠腹泻的大便次数,并能促进小鼠肠道对水和氯离子的吸收。结论 律草栓剂有明显的止泻作用。     

肠炎宁颗粒对幼龄小鼠的抗炎止泻作用及体外抗菌作用研究

目的 研究肠炎宁颗粒作用于ICR幼龄小鼠的止泻抗炎药效及体外抑菌作用,为其临床儿童用药提供参考。方法 以ICR幼龄小鼠为考察对象,ig给予高、中、低剂量（2.500、1.250和0.625 g/kg）肠炎宁颗粒及蒙脱石散（阳性药,4.2 g/kg）,连续给药3 d后,采用番泻叶浸出物和蓖麻油致泻模型、肠推进实验、冰醋酸致腹腔毛细血管通透性增加模型考察肠炎宁颗粒的止泻、抗炎作用;体外培养表皮葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌,加入571.00、285.50、142.75、71.38、35.69、17.84、8.92、4.46、2.23和1.12 mg/mL的肠炎宁颗粒,观察其抑菌作用。结果 与模型组比较,0.625、1.250和2.500 g/kg的肠炎宁颗粒可以显著减少番泻叶浸出物、蓖麻油作用0~5 h内的腹泻样便数（P<0.05、0.001）;与对照组比较,2.5 g/kg的肠炎宁颗粒可以显著降低肠推进系数（P<0.05）;0.625、1.250和2.500 g/kg的肠炎宁颗粒可以显著减少冰醋酸所致的幼鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加（P<0.05、0.01）。8.92 mg/mL的肠炎宁颗粒即可在体外抑制表皮葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的生长,为最低抑菌浓度。结论 肠炎宁颗粒具有止泻、抑制肠胃推进及对抗急性渗出性炎症的作用;体外可以抑制表皮葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的生长。     

国产头孢拉宗钠对临床分离致病菌的体内外抗菌作用研究

目的 研究国产注射用头孢拉宗钠(CFB)的体内外抗菌效果.方法 体外实验采用琼脂二倍稀释法计算细菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),体内实验用临床分离大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,小鼠腹腔注射最小致死量菌液造成全身感染,静脉注射不同剂量的受试药物,观察7d或14 d内小鼠的死亡情况,用NDST程序的Bliss法计算ED50.结果 CFB对G-菌中的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌抗菌作用良好,MIC50为0.25～0.5 μg·mL-1,对G+菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌呈强抗菌作用,MIC50均为0.5 μg· mL-1,对不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌无抗菌活性,体内保护实验显示:国产CFB对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的ED50为5.71、45.00 mg·kg-1.结论 国产注射用CFB对体外多数G+菌效果良好,对金黄色葡萄球菌有强抗菌作用,对G-菌大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌有较强抗菌作用.对腹腔感染大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的小鼠也有显著抗菌效果.     

四季青水煎液体外抗内毒素、抗菌和体内抗炎作用

目的 研究四季青水煎液的抗内毒素、抗菌和抗炎作用,揭示四季青清热解毒作用的药效学特点。方法 采用体外鲎试剂凝集实验方法检测其抗内毒素作用;采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定四季青水煎液以及与头孢噻肟、左氧氟沙星和庆大霉素联合使用时对25株甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum β-lactamase, ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC);采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓炎症肿胀法观察其抗炎作用。结果 四季青水煎液在生药浓度6.25~100mg/mL时具有抗内毒素作用;对受试菌株MSSA、MRSA的MIC范围均为8~33mg/mL,对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的MIC范围均为33~>133mg/mL,对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC为33~133mg/mL;与头孢噻肟、左氧氟沙星和庆大霉素联合使用时抗菌活性有相加作用,分级抑菌浓度(fractional inhibitory concentration, FIC)指数范围为0.5相似文献   

合生元对小鼠腹泻型肠易激综合征作用的研究

目的研究合生元对腹泻型肠易激综合征动物模型的治疗作用。方法本文采用大黄致小鼠脾虚腹泻模型和醋酸致痛小鼠模型,对该产品进行了止泻和镇痛药效学实验研究。结果合生元能明显减少大黄致脾虚腹泻模型小鼠的腹泻次数、稀便率、稀便级和腹泻指数,增加小鼠体重,且能延长小鼠的游泳时间;能明显减少醋酸致痛小鼠的扭体次数。结论表明该合生元具有较好的治疗腹泻和镇痛的作用。     

小儿广朴止泻口服液治疗小儿腹泻疗效观察

目的 观察小儿广朴止泻口服液（广朴止泻液）治疗小儿腹泻的疗效.方法 将2010年7月至2012年7月确诊为小儿腹泻的220例患儿随机分为对照组和治疗组各110例.对照组实施补液和抗病毒等基础治疗,治疗组在此基础上加用广朴止泻液.对比两组疗效以及体征变化时间.结果 治疗组总有效率为90.91%（100/110）,显著高于对照组的80.91%（89/110）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.治疗组大便正常时间为（2.4±0.8）d,呕吐消失时间为（1.2±0.2）d,便常规正常时间为（2.5±0.6）d,显著低于对照组的（3.2±0.3）、（2.8±0.5）、（3.5±0.7）d,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 广朴止泻液治疗小儿腹泻效果良好,可迅速缓解临床症状,利于患儿恢复.     

农村小型集中式供水与腹泻病关系的研究

目的探讨致泻大肠埃希菌在农村小型集中式供水水源水中的分布与腹泻病之间的相互关系。方法比较同一时期水源水（井水）中致泻大肠埃希菌的分布与腹泻病之间的关系。结果发现腹泻患者和水源水标本中检出的致泻大肠埃希菌除极个别外,两者分离的致泻大肠埃希菌EPEC、EIEC、ETEC中血清型完全吻合。     

千金妇炎舒的抗菌实验研究

目的研究千金妇炎舒在体内和体外实验中的抗菌作用。方法①体外培养大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、肺炎链球菌、嗜血杆菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、淋球菌等标准菌株和不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、洋葱假单孢杆菌、枸橼酸肠杆菌、肺炎双球菌等临床分离菌株,观察千金妇炎舒的体外抗菌作用;②体内实验观察了千金妇炎舒对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌对小鼠的保护作用。结果千金妇炎舒体外给药对上述细菌均有抑制作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、洋葱假单孢杆菌抑制作用较强,其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）在12.5～50mg/ml。千金妇炎舒体内给药对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌所致感染的小鼠具有保护作用,能降低感染小鼠的死亡率。结论千金妇炎舒具有较明显的抗菌作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.