分散固相萃取-分散液液微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定中草药类保健食品中29种有机磷农药残留

目的建立测定中草药类保健食品中有机磷农药残留的分散固相萃取-分散液液微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法。方法样品经含0.5%甲酸的乙腈超声提取,上清液经含无水硫酸镁、N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、C18的分散固相萃取管(d-SPE)净化后,采用分散液液微萃取(DLLME)步骤,用氯仿萃取、浓缩目标化合物。结果在最优条件下,线性范围为0.05~1.00μg/ml,线性相关系数在0.999以上,检出限(LOD)为0.3~3.0μg/kg,29种有机磷农药的平均加标回收率在70.3%~107.5%之间,相对标准偏差均10%。结论该方法具有简便快速、准确灵敏、萃取效率高等特点,可用于中草药类保健食品中有机磷农药残留的检测。     

分散液液微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法快速测定葡萄酒中20种农药残留

目的 建立分散液液微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)测定葡萄酒中20种农药残留的分析方法。方法 样品经水稀释后, 采用60 μL氯仿和940 μL乙腈进行分散液液微萃取, 3000 r/min离心5 min, 浓缩后采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测。结果 在白葡萄酒与红葡萄酒中进行2.5、5.0、10.0 μg/L的添加回收实验, 本方法的平均回收率为66.7%~126.1%, 相对标准偏差为1.3%~27.2%, 方法的检出限为0.025~0.690 μg/L, 定量限为0.082~2.300 μg/L。结论 本方法前处理过程简单、快速、灵敏度极高、定量结果准确, 适用于葡萄酒中多种农药残留的检测。     

挥发性铵盐盐析辅助液液萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定酱油中4种黄曲霉毒素

摘要：目的 建立基于挥发性铵盐盐析辅助液液萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术检测酱油中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2 4种黄曲霉毒素含量的分析方法。方法酱油样品用乙腈提取，乙酸铵作为盐析助剂分层，提取液加水定容后，采用C18反相色谱柱以5mmol/L乙酸铵溶液-甲醇/乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱，采用电喷雾正离子模式检测，外标法定量。实验考察了萃取溶剂、盐析助剂及pH对萃取效率的影响。结果 最优实验条件下，在0.2~8.0 μg/kg范围内4种黄曲霉毒素线性良好，决定系数均大于0.999，检出限为0.01~0.04 μg/kg，对空白酱油样品进行0.8 μg/kg、4.0 μg/kg、8.0 μg/kg三个水平的加标实验，回收率为73.2~94.5%，相对标准偏差为0.9~5.9%。结论 新建立的方法操作简捷、成本低、准确度高，可以满足对酱油中4种黄曲霉毒素的快速准确分析要求。     

温控辅助离子液体分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱检测果汁中杀菌剂残留

建立温控辅助离子液体分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器法检测果汁中7 种杀菌剂农药残留的新方法。对影响萃取效果的因素萃取剂和分散剂类型及体积、溶解温度、萃取时间和离心时间进行优化。在优化后的方法条件下,7 种杀菌剂富集倍数可达64～101;方法检出限在4.3～13.0 μg/L之间;在0.02、0.05 mg/L和0.10 mg/L三个水平下加标,果汁（苹果汁、梨汁、葡萄汁、桃汁和橙汁）的平均加标回收率在70.0%～116.2%范围内,相对标准偏差均小于9.8%,能满足多种果汁中杀菌剂农药多残留检测的要求。     

盐析辅助液液萃取-HPLC-MS/MS法检测液态乳中13种双酚类和烷基酚类物质

目的:建立盐析辅助液液萃取-HPLC-MS/MS法同时检测液态乳中13种双酚类和烷基酚类化合物的方法。方法:采用盐析辅助液液萃取前处理方法,三重四极杆质谱负离子源多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行检测,基质外标法定量分析;研究萃取溶剂种类、盐析助剂的选择和用量对回收率的影响;并评估方法性能。结果:以乙腈为提取溶剂、0.4 g氯化钠为盐析助剂对液态乳进行液液萃取,13种酚类物质线性关系良好,相关系数均＞0.99;牛奶和酸奶中的加标回收率分别为81.5%~118.1%和80.8%~107.6%,相对标准偏差分别为1.89%~12.3%和1.12%~11.9%;方法检出限为0.15~0.75μg/kg,定量限为0.5~2.5μg/kg。市售液态乳样品中有1个样品检出含有4-NP,含量为9.28μg/kg。结论:试验所建方法适合液态乳中13种双酚类和烷基酚类化合物的快速检测。     

涡旋辅助分散液液微萃取分光光度法测定饮用水中的亚硝酸根

目的建立涡旋辅助分散液液微萃取分光光度法检测饮用水中亚硝酸根的含量。方法在酸性条件下,亚硝酸根与对硝基苯胺和二苯胺反应生成红色偶氮化合物,通过测定红色偶氮化合物间接测定亚硝酸根的含量,以分光光度法检测,外标法定量。确定萃取剂种类,利用正交试验对萃取剂的用量、酸浓度和涡旋时间进行优化。结果在浓度10～200μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.9912),检出限为2.0μg/L,富集倍数为14。加标回收率为87.3%～106.3%,相对标准偏差0.8%～4.4%。结论该方法具有简单、快速、灵敏度高、准确性好,适用于饮用水中亚硝酸根的日常监测。     

基于分散液-液微萃取技术的石斛酚含量测定与分析

建立分散液-液微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术测定石斛酚的分析方法。通过对实验条件的筛选及优化,得到最佳条件：pH 3,辅以涡旋方式进行萃取,萃取溶剂为120 μL正戊酸、萃取时间1 min,分散剂为曲拉通X-114、用量80 μL。此方法进行萃取,检出限为2.625 μg/L,定量限为8.74 μg/L,线性范围为0.10～30.00 mg/L,萃取富集倍数平均值为28.02,萃取回收率平均值为1.01。将建立的分析方法应用于实际石斛样品的测定,结果表明该方法能对石斛中的石斛酚进行高效萃取与富集,方法快速简便。     

涡旋辅助分散液液微萃取-GC检测果蔬中农药残留

建立涡旋辅助分散液液微萃取果蔬中14种农药残留的方法。考察萃取剂种类、萃取剂体积、涡旋时间、离心转速、离心时间、盐添加量对微萃取的影响。在优化条件下,14种农药线性范围为0.005~2.00μg/mL,检出限(S/N=3)在0.20~4.0μg/kg之间。建立的液液微萃取-气相色谱法应用于肇庆地区果蔬测定,平均回收率在83.2%~110%之间,RSD≤8.1%。     

分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱联用测定水样中的氟喹诺酮类药物

建立了一种分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱联用测定水样中6种氟喹诺酮类药物的方法,采用萃取剂萃取后经氮气吹干再用微量流动相复溶的进样方式,考察了影响萃取效率的因素,包括萃取剂和分散剂的种类、用量、样品pH。结果表明,以500μL三氯甲烷为萃取剂,800μL乙腈为分散剂,调节萃取体系pH为7时,6种氟喹诺酮药物的富集倍数最高可达245倍,检出限为0.075~0.34μg/L。在汉江水、鱼塘水、自来水中的加标回收率为88.6%~109.3%,相对标准偏差不高于5.8%。该方法基质效应小,富集倍数高,并且改善了传统DLLME萃取后的萃取剂直接进样色谱峰变形的缺点。应用于水样中残留氟喹诺酮类药物的检测,灵敏度高、简便、准确。     

微波辅助衍生-离子液体分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱法检测牛奶中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留

将微波辅助衍生法与离子液体分散液液微萃取法相结合,建立了牛奶中链霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、妥布霉、小诺霉素、阿米卡星和新霉素等7种氨基糖苷类抗生素(AGs)的快速萃取、衍生方法。本研究以氯甲酸芴甲酯(FMOC-Cl)为衍生试剂,1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(Omim]PF6)为提取剂,甲醇为分散剂,将微波辅助衍生和离子液体分散液液微萃取相结合,使目标化合物被衍生的同时被萃取和富集到离子液体中,并通过高效液相色谱荧光检测器进行定量检测。实验结果表明,各化合物在线性范围内具有较好的线性关系(r0.9989),检出限为0.11~0.57μg/L。加标样品回收率在91.95~106.33%之间,其RSD为1.39~5.92%。本法操作简单,灵敏度高,结果可靠,可广泛应用于牛奶样品中氨基糖苷类抗生素的检测。     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。