寒区混凝土劣化对重力坝抗震性能影响研究

为探究寒区混凝土性能劣化对重力坝抗震性能的影响，通过混凝土材料冻融循环试验和数值模拟开展了重力坝动力响应分析，得到了大坝在地震激励时的应力、位移和破坏等情况，并通过损伤因子及其对应损伤区域面积提出了重力坝整体损伤累积面积公式。研究结果表明：强震作用时，坝体损伤最明显的部位为下游折坡处和坝踵，冻融循环对大坝整体损伤程度有显著影响，在下游折坡处的冻融区域内配置抗冻混凝土能提升大坝整体抗震性能。研究成果可供寒区混凝土重力坝的抗震设计参考。     

高寒地区水电站水工混凝土耐久性研究

高原地区具有独特的气候条件、原材料特点以及施工方法,高原、高寒、低压的气候特征将会对水工混凝土的耐久性和服役寿命产生较大影响。笔者结合当地水工混凝土可能经受的干湿冻融循环、碳化、化学侵蚀等耐久性问题,开展混凝土冻融循环破坏和干湿循环-冻融协同作用、碳化-冻融协同作用、化学侵蚀-冻融协同作用等多种因素破坏的试验。试验后得知:冻融循环和干湿循环的叠加作用对混凝土性能的影响不是二种因素之间的简单叠加,而是会产生放大效应。无论是先碳化后冻融还是先冻融后碳化,其碳化深度总体来说都随着水胶比的增加而增大。尽管混凝土试件经受多次冻融循环后,外观、质量以及相对动弹模变化不大,但强度劣化十分严重,建议采用性能损耗率或降低率等指标来表征混凝土的冻融耐久性。研究水工混凝土的耐久性,对保障高寒地区水电站水工混凝土质量起到了良好的指导作用。     

冻融循环及硫酸盐侵蚀对混凝土耐久性的影响研究

为研究冻融循环与硫酸盐侵蚀双因素耦合作用下混凝土的耐久性及其演变规律,分别通过混凝土单因素冻融循环试验、单因素硫酸盐侵蚀试验、硫酸盐侵蚀与冻融循环双因素耦合试验,分析各种因素下混凝土耐久性的劣化机理。试验结果表明:在单因素冻融循环、单因素硫酸盐侵蚀及硫酸盐侵蚀与冻融循环双因素耦合作用下,混凝土的质量均表现为先增大后逐渐减小;而混凝土的相对动弹性模量在单因素冻融循环作用下随着冻融循环次数逐渐减小,在单因素硫酸盐侵蚀、硫酸盐侵蚀与冻融循环双因素耦合作用下表现为先增加后减小,且经过６０次单因素硫酸盐侵蚀作用后,混凝土的质量损伤率达到最小值,相对动弹性模量达到最大值。与单因素下两种侵蚀的损伤相比,双因素耦合作用对混凝土的损伤大于单因素损伤的叠加效果。     

严寒沿海地区水工混凝土冻融-干湿循环作用下抗氯离子侵蚀性能试验研究

文章根据北方沿海地区自然环境中混凝土的服役状态,设计了一种冻融循环和干湿循环耦合作用下的试验方法,研究了基准混凝土、轻烧氧化镁混凝土、聚丙烯纤维混凝土、及同时掺轻烧氧化镁和聚丙烯纤维混凝土4种混凝土在冻融-干湿循环交替耦合作用下的抗氯离子侵蚀性能。对沿海严寒地区混凝土结构耐久性设计具有一定参考意义。     

碳化与硫酸盐溶液干湿循环后混凝土断裂韧度

为研究劣化作用对混凝土断裂韧度的影响,通过碳化、硫酸盐溶液干湿循环单一及交替作用后混凝土切口梁三点弯曲试验,探讨了碳化时间、硫酸盐溶液干湿循环次数对混凝土断裂韧度的影响。结果表明:碳化和硫酸盐溶液干湿循环均会对混凝土断裂韧度造成一定程度的劣化,劣化程度因子小于1。随着碳化时间和硫酸盐溶液干湿循环次数的增加,断裂韧度呈减小趋势;单一劣化作用时,随着碳化时间和硫酸盐溶液干湿循环次数的增加,劣化程度因子减小显著,且碳化时间、硫酸盐溶液干湿循环次数与劣化程度因子之间分别满足近似指数关系;由于碳化和硫酸盐溶液干湿循环的交互影响,单一劣化作用对断裂韧度的劣化程度逐渐呈现大于交替劣化作用影响的趋势。在分析试验结果的基础上,建立了劣化作用后混凝土断裂韧度计算模式,该模式有助于分析劣化作用后混凝土裂缝扩展并预测其断裂韧度。     

冻融循环作用下模袋混凝土耐久性试验研究

考虑到淮安市黄河故道干河下段(二河至涟水石湖段)治理工程四标段工程区在11月～次年2月进入季冻期,模袋混凝土衬砌防渗施工必然受到干湿循环及季节性冻融循环的不利影响.为提升模袋混凝土抗干湿循环和冻融循环的耐久性能,进行掺粉煤灰、硅粉以及粉煤灰、大理石粉对模袋混凝土材料性能的抗压强度试验、冻融循环试验及干湿循环试验分析.结...     

冻融循环下掺合料对大坝混凝土性能影响

为了解决高寒地区冻融作用对大坝混凝力学性质造成的劣化问题，以抗冻基本理论为基础，设定含有纳米材料的混凝土配合比，活性高、尺寸小的纳米材料优化了混凝土的结构，提高了混凝土的抗冻性。同时，开展了劈裂试验和抗压试验，研究冻融循环下纳米材料对混凝土力学性能的影响规律。结果表明，纳米材料的增加可减少混凝土中水和水泥的用量，其中每立方米水泥降低9kg,用水量减少7kg,可大大降低大坝工程的材料成本；纳米材料能有效提高混凝土的劈拉强度和抗压强度，对混凝土起到较好的改良效果，并且冻融循环并不会对这种提高效果造成影响，但纳米材料不能抑制冻融对混凝土的劈裂劣化程度。研究成果可为类似大坝工程建设提供参考与借鉴，具有一定的指导意义。     

寒区既有重力坝二次震害研究

为探究寒区重力坝抵抗强余震的能力,根据实际情况,首先进行了冻融循环和紫外线辐照交替试验,根据试验结果建立数值模型;在此基础上,研究大坝在二次震害影响下应力及损伤分布情况。结果表明：混凝土劣化后,二次震害加深了高坝损伤,坝体下游折坡处的损伤程度明显;混凝土劣化和强余震双重作用,导致坝体上游死水位处在地震作用下会产生明显破坏,下游折坡处产生近乎贯穿坝顶的裂缝。该研究可为严寒地区既损混凝土坝的抗震评估和修复提供科学依据。     

旱区寒区水工混凝土材料耐久性及其损伤断裂性能研究进展

我国旱区寒区水工混凝土因其特殊的服役环境而易遭受外界环境的威胁，主要有早期开裂及多因素耦合条件下的冻融循环破坏。外部环境的作用会造成水工混凝土从外至里的破坏，导致结构及材料安全性的降低。探究该区域水工混凝土材料的破坏机理及断裂性能的劣化规律，提出一套切实可行的结构安全评估及修复方法，具有重要的工程意义。分析了混凝土材料在不同服役阶段及服役环境下的侵蚀破坏机理，综述了近年来国内外旱区寒区混凝土材料性能、断裂性能的研究进展，并对现阶段研究成果进行了总结，最后给出了该领域的研究方向和未来的发展趋势。     

冲击荷载作用下混凝土重力坝破坏特性分析

冲击荷载作用下混凝土重力坝破坏特性较静荷载作用下要复杂得多。采用钢板均匀冲击模拟水下循环冲击波对混凝土重力坝的作用,试验遵循几何和重力相似准则,对模型重力坝进行均匀冲击破坏特性研究,得到模型坝体的动力破坏特性,并对裂缝位置和扩展情况进行定位和追踪。试验结果表明:当坝体遭受循环均匀冲击荷载时,上游坝面坝体最大动应变不再在坝踵处,而是位于坝体中部;坝头部位是抗冲击的薄弱部位,最先出现开裂破坏;坝体破坏模式包括贯穿性断裂、碎裂、层裂和抛掷等。试验结果可为大坝的运行管理、防爆抗振设防及安全评价提供理论依据和技术支持。     

Human acceleration of the nitrogen cycle: drivers, consequences, and steps toward solutions.

Human activity has greatly altered the nitrogen cycle on Earth over the past few decades, with major effects on both human health and the ecological functioning of natural ecosystems, particularly coastal marine systems where nitrogen is now the largest pollution problem. Agriculture is the largest driver of this change, with pollution from fossil-fuel combustion being a smaller but still significant driver globally. Much of the nitrogen pollution from agriculture derives from animal-production systems, both as a direct result of nitrogen leakage to the atmosphere and waters from these systems, and from the demand for increased crop production that these animal-production systems demand. Wastewater from urban centers is also a significant component of the nitrogen problem, contributing 12% of the nitrogen pollution in rivers in the US, 25% in Europe, and 33% in China. Wastewater sources dominate the inputs of nitrogen to some coastal ecosystems, but globally and in most regions the non-point sources are larger. Many technical solutions to reducing nitrogen pollution exist, so to some extent the current problem reflects policy and political failures. Nonetheless, further technical solutions can and should be developed. These should recognize the significantly greater mobility of nitrogen than phosphorus in the environment.     

Disrupted seasonal cycle of the warm-adapted and main zooplankter of Lake Biwa,Japan

The seasonal cycle is an important feature of life, leading to the succession of different species and allowing them to share a common environment. Disruption in the seasonal cycle of many species has been reported, but the source of disruption varies from species to species. Lacustrine zooplankton species are widely acknowledged to respond to climate-induced, thermal and trophic variations. Here, we discuss the case of a warm-adapted copepod in Lake Biwa (i.e., Eodiaptomus japonicus), which experienced changes in trophic status and thermal regime over four decades (1966–2010). We investigated the phenological response of E. japonicus to these changes over this period and aimed to identify the sources of the observed variations. The combined results of wavelet analysis and cluster analysis indicated that E. japonicus exhibited different seasonal cycles during the study period. The common unimodal seasonal cycle of the copepod was disrupted on several occasions during which it presented sometimes two or three modes. Wavelet coherence analysis revealed a strong stationary correlation with lake temperature for the total abundance, the clutch size, and the birth rate, but a transient correlation with the body size of females at the annual scale. No coherence was found with food proxies. Discriminant analysis between unimodal and plurimodal seasonal cycles highlighted the effect of low temperature and high predation in leading to plurimodal cycles. Our study emphasizes the need for considering the seasonality of both lower and higher trophic levels for understanding zooplankton phenology.     

Priority organic pollutants in the urban water cycle (Toulouse, France)

Application of the European Water Framework Directive requires Member States to have better understanding of the quality of surface waters in order to improve knowledge of priority pollutants. Xenobiotics in urban receiving waters are an emerging concern. This study proposes a screening campaign of nine molecular species of xenobiotics in a separated sewer system. Five sites were investigated over one year in Toulouse (France) using quantitative monitoring. For each sample, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, nonylphenols, diethelhexylphthalate, linear alkylbenzene sulphonates, methyl tert-butylether, total hydrocarbons, estradiol and ethinylestradiol were analysed. Ground, rain and roof collected water concentrations are similar to treated wastewater levels. Run-off water was the most polluted of the five types investigated, discharged into the aquatic environment. The wastewater treatment plant reduced xenobiotic concentrations by 66% before discharge into the environment. Regarding environmental quality standards, observed concentrations in waters were in compliance with standards. The results show that xenobiotic concentrations are variable over time and space in all urban water compartments.     

二元水循环理论浅析

水循环研究是解决水资源相关问题的基础,长期以来。人们大都采用将自然水循环“还原”人类影响的方法研究水循环,但这种方法存在诸多弊端,往往不能全面准确地反映水循环过程。本文在对二元水循环理论进行分析研究的同时,叙述了二元水循环理论研究的现状,对自然水循环、社会水循环进行了分析比较,并提出了一些建议。     

CMADS驱动SWAT模型在水循环模拟中的应用——以洱海流域为例

基于大气数据驱动水文模型的输出结果开展水循环模拟研究是大气和水文学界的研究热点。利用中国大气同化驱动数据集CMADS驱动SWAT模型,模拟2009～2016年期间洱海流域关键水循环要素的时空分布特征。结果表明:①CMADS数据集可很好地驱动SWAT模型,在洱海流域适用性较好,可用于水循环模拟研究。②从时间上看,洱海流域年降水量、实际蒸散和年产水量均呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,分别以4.6,29.3,15.0 mm/a的速率递增,多年平均降水量、多年平均实际蒸散发和多年平均产水量分别为792.8,565.5,286.1 mm。从空间上看,洱海西部降水最丰沛,东部地区次之,北部地区最低;实际蒸散发空间差异性相对较小,高值区主要分布于洱海湖区周围;产水量空间分布差异性较大,洱海西部产水量最大,其次为洱海北部和东部山区。③湿润度呈现出增加的趋势,而产水系数表现出减少的趋势,多年平均湿润度和产水系数分别为0.61和0.43;实际蒸散发与降水变化趋势一致,但与潜在蒸散发变化趋势相反,表明水分条件是限制洱海流域潜热的主要因子。     

Lake Turkana,major Omo River developments,associated hydrological cycle change and consequent lake physical and ecological change

This study aimed to explore Lake Turkana's ecological reliance on hydrology and to determine the hydrological changes and consequences arising from the major hydropower and irrigation developments in the lake's basin. The major developments on Ethiopia's Omo River are especially significant as this river provides over 80% of the lake's annual freshwater influx and associated nutrients. The cascade of hydropower dams permanently dampens the natural hydrological cycles and lake level variability. The driving force of the flood influx to the lake is curtailed and the pattern of lake currents will adjust. Ultimately 80% of the river inflow to the lake will be regulated. Large volumes of water are required to initially fill the hydropower dam reservoirs. During 2015–16 when the huge Gibe III reservoir was filled, Lake Turkana's water level declined 2?m.The study has shown that large-scale irrigation schemes in the Lower Omo can potentially abstract 50% of the Omo River water, and that this would cause the lake level to shrink permanently to the detriment of the lake ecology. Possible lake level drops of over 15?m are demonstrated. The basin's natural capital is being replaced by large-scale plantation developments. The hydrological changes are drastic and the ecological consequences on Lake Turkana have not been fully understood. Without serious mitigation measures, Lake Turkana is a potential African Aral Sea disaster in the making, emulating what has happened to other great lakes such as Lake Chad.     

水文时间序列周期分析方法的研究

水文时间序列基本上具有周期性,但并非物理意义上的周期,而是概率学中的周期。进行时间序列周期的识别和判断是比较难的问题,因此,怎样进行时间序列周期的分析与检测,已经成为水文研究者重点关注的问题。     

城市水循环演变及对策分析

全球气候变化和快速城市化改变了自然水循环过程,使水循环呈现"自然-社会"二元特征.城市是二元水循环耦合程度最深的区域,城市水循环的驱动力、结构与过程呈现复杂化,由此引发的城市水问题越来越突出,未来城市水循环面临严峻挑战.本文在识别城市水循环的演变历程和机理的基础上,解析了城市水问题的产生根源.以城市水问题以及未来城市水...     

太阳黑子活动周期规律分析及趋势预测

针对太阳黑子活动趋势预测问题,以提高预报可信度、减少预测误差为目标,基于1700年以来太阳黑子相对数月、年资料,依据太阳黑子活动周期特征分析,得出太阳黑子具有100a大周期、11a小周期、100a大周期之间存在2～3个连续低值小周期的活动规律,进而对318a太阳黑子相对数系列进行阶段划分并进行周期性规律特征分析。采用拟合优度和纳什效应系数对2019—2030年太阳黑子相对数所在小周期轨迹段与历史小周期片段进行相关性分析、挑选最相似的历史小周期轨迹段的方法,以预报2019—2030年太阳黑子活动趋势。结果表明:2024年为下一小周期峰值年、2030年为下一小周期谷值年份。研究成果可以为以用太阳黑子相对数作为影响因子进行洪水灾害预报提供基础信息。     

化粪池污泥作用与清掏周期的研究

化粪池污泥清掏周期即污泥在化粪池内平均停留时间,该指标直接影响污水在化粪池中的停留时间,进而影响化粪池出水水质.《建筑给水排水设计规范》(GB 50015-2003)只规定了化粪池最小清掏周期而未对最大清掏周期给予规定.工程实践表明,这对污水合流制小区物业管理、保证化粪池出水水质十分不利.结合苏州20多个小区合流污水改造工程进行了研究,提出了化粪池最大清掏周期的概念,并对其计算公式进行了推导.