高速无内圈式陶瓷电主轴设计开发与实验研究

利用高性能结构陶瓷作为高速主轴及轴承材料研制开发了一种无内圈式高速陶瓷电主轴单元,进行了陶瓷轴承失效机理的分析与内部结构参数的优化,确定了高速陶瓷电主轴-轴承的最佳预负荷及最佳润滑条件,实现了高速陶瓷电主轴单元样机的精密装配,并对其进行了综合性能测试与分析.结果表明,在最佳预负荷和油气润滑条件下,高速陶瓷电主轴可充分发挥结构陶瓷材料优良的综合性能,如高硬度、低热膨胀性、轻重量、高耐磨性和好的化学及热性能,极大地减小了主轴-轴承单元高速旋转的离心力和惯性力,并有效提高了电主轴系统的精度、刚度和使用寿命,且运行稳定可靠,精度保持性好.     

HDJD240-18/35T高速精密永磁同步电主轴

本电主轴根据《湖南省科学技术厅重点项目合同书“高速精密机床电主轴的中试开发”》的相关要求进行研制，应用了国家自然科学基金项目（No．50205008）的相关研究成果。该产品主要应用于现代高速加工机床，如加工中心、磨床、铣床、车床、钻床等。项目组对高速精密永磁同步型电主轴进行了系统的理论研究，研制成功了我国第一台高速精密永磁同步型电主轴。该电主轴集成了主轴系统动态热态特性设计、精密加工与精密装配、高速陶瓷球混合轴承、油气润滑和高速电机与驱动等技术，获得了多项国家专利。     

主轴轴承预紧技术研究

研究主轴轴承预紧技术,为电主轴的应用与发展提供参考.介绍了径向预紧、轴向预紧、载荷和预载荷的概念和特点,分析了DF和DB两种配对方式对预载荷的影响,指出了定位预紧和定压预紧的优缺点.研究表明,轴向预紧更适合运用于机床主轴中;通过对不同配对方式的比较可知,DB方式比DF方式更适合用于高速机床主轴中.选择合理的预紧技术和适宜的配对方式,较大程度地提高了电主轴性能的发挥.     

基于权重法的机床主轴可变预紧力确定方法

目的研究不同转速、载荷条件下机床主轴轴承的最佳预紧力,满足高速机床主轴全速段性能要求.方法建立基于拟静力学的轴承分析模型,计算不同转速、负荷条件下满足轴承使用寿命的最大轴向预紧力,和能够限制轴承陀螺旋转的最小轴向预紧力,得出预紧力取值的上下限.通过试验分析轴向预紧力对电主轴轴承温升和振动的影响.结果在低速范围内,轴向预紧力的变化对主轴振动和轴承温度无明显影响.在中速范围内,随着轴向预紧力增加,主轴振动有较明显减弱,轴承温度有较明显增加.在高速范围内,随着轴向预紧力增加,主轴振动大幅度减弱,轴承温度大幅度增加.结论在每个转速范围内分别引入不同的预紧力上下限权重值,得出满足高速机床主轴全速段性能要求的轴承最佳预紧力.     

基于损耗实验的电主轴温度场分析

目的分析高速电主轴温度场分布情况,为研究高速电主轴温升、热变形预测提供理论依据.方法建立高速电主轴1/4三维有限元模型,基于损耗实验计算主轴电机及轴承生热率前提下分析高速电主轴温升分布情况.通过电主轴测试系统建立温升实验,测量高速电主轴外壳不同部位温升验证有限元仿真结论.结果仿真结果表明:高速电主轴稳态温度场中转子处温度最高,温度为84.4℃;高速主轴壳体最高温升出现在电主轴轴头处,温升为23℃,与实验结果相比误差为8.6%.结论通过分析温升仿真和实验得到高速主轴外壳不同部位温升不同,外壳温度变化是一个非线性变化过程,前2000s温度快速升高,2000s后温度逐步稳定.此结论为有效控制高速主轴温升,减小主轴变形及提高主轴精度提供理论基础.     

浅析高速机床电主轴轴承的选择及配置

介绍高速机床电主轴轴承的典型结构，阐述了电主轴轴承的性能、选择及配置方法。     

全陶瓷主轴-轴承单元的动力学研究

目的研究全陶瓷电主轴预紧力与固有频率的关系,为优化预紧力提供软件分析模型.方法应用赫兹理论计算出在全陶瓷角接触球轴承预紧后的接触应力,接触变形和静接触刚度的数值解,同时在改进传统的弹簧阻尼式主轴动力学软件仿真分析模型的基础上,计及轴承预紧后轴承的静接触刚度,以全陶瓷主轴-轴承单元为研究对象进行有限元结构分析,所得结果通过赫兹计算分析的数值解矫正,分析其动力学特性.结果全陶瓷主轴-轴承单元模型通过模态分析所得三阶固有频率和振型与模态实验分别相差19.59%、1.27%、16.06%;而电主轴传统分析模型所得三阶固有频率和振型与锤击实验分别相差24.39%、14.47%、33.78%.结论通过实验数据验证,全陶瓷主轴-轴承单元模型在分析全陶瓷电主轴动力学特性上更接近模态实验的结果,能够得到更为准确的固有频率和振型.     

高性能数控机床电主轴热-结构耦合特性研究

电主轴具有"零传动"、结构简单的特性,在高速切削机床中得到了广泛的应用,极大地提高了机床的精度和可靠性.然而,由于电机和轴承等热源的存在,将导致主轴热变形,从而降低加工精度,甚至损坏主轴系统.为此,基于建立的主轴系统模型,使用有限元分析方法,研究了主轴系统的温度场空间分布和由此导致的主轴变形云图,获得的热-结构耦合特性可为主轴系统的热补偿提供理论支撑,从而保障加工的精度和可靠性.     

高速电主轴在切削过程中的振动分析与研究

针对高速电主轴在高速切削过程中主轴轴端的振动问题,文中通过建立主轴轴端在受高速切削力的条件下的拉刀—主轴—轴承双转子系统振动动力学模型,并对电主轴的固有频率与振型进行有限元分析,模拟主轴在切削力的作用下的响应,最后通过测试电主轴的振动量完成对振动分析结果的验证。结果表明:总切削力在垂直于假定工作平面方向上的分力对主轴振动的影响最大,实现了对主轴振动的更有效的分析方法。该方法对提高主轴加工精度有一定的指导作用。     

超高速数控精密磨床磁浮轴承主轴单元设计

介绍了磁浮轴承的优点,并提出了磁浮轴承作为磨床主轴轴承的设计方法.同时,首次提出了超高速数控外圆磨床磁浮轴承主轴单元设计方法和设计过程.并针对一台250m/s超高速外圆磨床磁浮轴承主轴单元进行了设计.经过实验证明,提出的设计方法是正确的.并指出,应用该技术的超高速磨床,虽然初期投资成本高,但其优越的使用性能使其综合效益高.该结果对我国发展高速主轴技术有一定的意义.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.