大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马CAl区神经元酪氨酸羟化酶和多巴胺—β—经化酶表达的变化

目的 研究大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和多巴胺—β—羟化酶(DβH)表达的改变及意义。方法 利用改良四血管闭塞法，建立大鼠全脑缺血模型。于缺血再灌注后1，3，5d断头取脑，行免疫组化染色，在光镜下观察海马CA1区神经元TH及DβH表达的变化，并计数海马CAl区正常神经元。结果 全脑缺血再灌注后1d，TH及DβH的表达呈阴性，海马CA1区神经元末见显著的病理形态学改变；全脑缺血再灌注后3d，TH及DβH呈阳性表达，海马CA1区可见部分神经元死亡；全脑缺血再灌注后5d，TH及DβH呈明显阳性表达，海马CA1区可见大部分神经元死亡。结论 全脑缺血再灌注后，由于TH及DβH异常表达，使得儿茶酚胺生物合成增加，这可能是短暂性脑缺血损伤的机理之一。     

大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马CA1区神经元酪氨酸羟化酶和多巴胺-β-羟化酶表达的变化

目的　研究大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)和多巴胺 β 羟化酶 (DβH)表达的改变及意义。方法　利用改良四血管闭塞法 ,建立大鼠全脑缺血模型。于缺血再灌注后 1,3,5d断头取脑 ,行免疫组化染色 ,在光镜下观察海马CA1区神经元TH及DβH表达的变化 ,并计数海马CA1区正常神经元。结果　全脑缺血再灌注后 1d ,TH及DβH的表达呈阴性 ,海马CA1区神经元未见显著的病理形态学改变 ;全脑缺血再灌注后 3d ,TH及DβH呈阳性表达 ,海马CA1区可见部分神经元死亡 ;全脑缺血再灌注后 5d ,TH及DβH呈明显阳性表达 ,海马CA1区可见大部分神经元死亡。结论　全脑缺血再灌注后 ,由于TH及DβH异常表达 ,使得儿茶酚胺生物合成增加 ,这可能是短暂性脑缺血损伤的机理之一。     

硫酸镁对兔全脑缺血后神经元凋亡及氨基酸影响的实验研究

目的 :观察镁对兔全脑缺血后神经元凋亡和氨基酸的影响。方法 :30只兔随机分为 3组 :对照组、缺血组和镁处理组。检测各组缺血再灌注 3d海马CA1区凋亡神经元密度及再灌注 30min海马氨基酸含量。结果 :镁处理组凋亡神经元密度显著低于缺血组 ;镁处理组海马天冬氨酸和甘氨酸含量显著低于缺血组 ,GABA含量显著高于缺血组。结论 :镁可抑制兔全脑缺血再灌注 3d海马神经元凋亡和抑制再灌注 30min海马天冬氨酸和甘氨酸的过度释放及GABA的耗竭     

硫化氢对短暂脑缺血/再灌注老年大鼠海马神经元Camkkβ、Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

目的探讨硫化氢对短暂脑缺血再灌注老年大鼠海马神经元Camkkβ、Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响。方法健康雄性SD老龄大鼠120只,随机分为对照组(C组)、缺血/再灌注组(IR组)、H2S组(H组)和生理盐水组(S组),采用Pusinelli四动脉阻断法建立全脑缺血模型。H组缺血前10 min腹腔内注射H2S外源性供体NaHS;S组注入等量生理盐水;C组不行任何处理。大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后24 h进行神经行为学评分;脑缺血/再灌注后1、3、5 d采用TUNEL法检测神经元的凋亡情况,采用Western-blot法测定大鼠海马内Camkkβ、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,缺血/再灌注组老年大鼠脑缺血/再灌注24 h后神经行为学评分升高,海马TUNEL阳性神经元计数升高,Camkkβ表达升高,Bcl-2表达下调,Bax表达上调(P<0.05);与缺血/再灌注组比较,H2S组老年大鼠脑缺血/再灌注24 h后神经行为学评分降低、海马区TUNEL阳性神经元计数降低、Camkkβ表达降低,Bcl-2表达上调、Bax表达下调(P<0.05)。结论硫化氢可通过降低神经元海马Camkkβ蛋白表达、上调Bc1-2蛋白表达、抑制Bax蛋白表达来减轻短暂脑缺血/再灌注损伤。     

脑缺血预处理对缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的　观察缺血预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　采用四血管阻断法对实验鼠分组进行全脑缺血预处理及缺血后再灌注, 半定量法观察海马区神经元受损情况。结果　实验组四血管阻断３ 分钟（ 预处理） 后海马区神经元受损与对照组无显著差异;３ 天间隔６ 分钟全脑缺血再灌注组神经元受损较其他组明显减轻。结论　缺血预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用与全脑缺血预处理时间, 后续全脑缺血再灌注损伤时间及两者间的时间间隔有关。     

慢性糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马区Caspase-3和β-淀粉样蛋白的表达意义

目的 观察天冬酰胺内肽酶-3(Caspase-3)和β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)在慢性糖尿病(cDM)大鼠脑缺血再灌注海马神经元损伤中的表达意义.方法 采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导和线栓法制备慢性糖尿病(cDM)和大脑中动脉闭塞模型(MCAO),分别在各时间点(1d、2d、3d、4d、5d、7d),应用HE染色和免疫组化方法比较慢性糖尿病脑缺血再灌注组(简称cDM组)与缺血再灌注组海马神经元缺失、Caspase-3和Aβ免疫组化阳性细胞数变化.结果 cDM组(慢性糖尿病脑缺血再灌注组)海马区神经元缺失,于2d开始出现,4d达高峰,7d减少,而且cDM组Caspase-3和Aβ表达上调,均在2d开始出现,4d达高峰,7d减少,在各时间点分别明显高于缺血再灌注组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论慢性糖尿病大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马CA1区神经元发生严重缺失,Caspase-3和Aβ明显上调提示Caspase-3介导的细胞凋亡机制和Aβ神经毒性作用可能是慢性糖尿病加重脑缺血再灌注海马神经元损伤机制之一.     

大鼠脑缺血再灌流后海马区一氧化氮合酶活性的变化

目的 :观察鼠全脑缺血再灌流后海马区NOS活性的变化。方法 :采用大鼠 4血管关闭方法制作全脑缺血再灌流模型。实验动物分为假手术组、缺血 10min组、再灌注 1、2、3d组 ,测定脑缺血再灌流后海马区NOS活性的变化。结果 :全脑缺血再灌注后海马组织NOS活性被激活上调。结论 :NO可能参与了海马CA1区迟发性神经元死亡 (DND)的发生。     

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护研究

目的观察亚低温对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后海马CAI区神经元凋亡的影响,探讨亚低温对缺血再灌注脑损伤的保护作用。方法SD大鼠30只随机分为对照组（n=10）,常温缺血组（n=10）,亚低温组（n=10）,采用改良的Pulsinelli-Brierley4血管法建立全脑缺血再灌注动物模型,缺血30min后再灌注72h,尼氏体染色观察海马区存活锥体细胞数,TUNEL法检测缺血后海马CAI区神经元凋亡情况,电镜下观察神经细胞形态学改变。结果与对照组比较,常温缺血组的海马CAI区存活的锥体细胞数目减少（P〈0.01）;与常温缺血组比较,亚低温组海马CAI存活的锥体细胞数目明显增多（P〈0.01）。对照组、亚低温组的海马CAI区神经元凋亡数目和凋亡指数明显低于常温缺血组。在电镜下观察亚低温能明显减轻缺血后脑组织病理形态学的损害程度。结论亚低温可以抑制脑缺血再灌注后的神经细胞凋亡,对神经细胞有保护作用。     

脑缺血后脑室内注射胰岛素减轻大鼠学习记忆力损害的实验研究

目的探讨经脑室直接注射胰岛素对全脑缺血后大鼠学习记忆力的影响.方法以4-VO法建立大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型.全脑缺血20min后行再灌注,于再灌注即刻经脑室注入1U胰岛素,缺血再灌注后8周利用三等分Y型迷宫箱测试大鼠的学习记忆功能,并对大鼠海马CA1区神经元的病理改变进行观察.结果经Y型迷宫测试,对照组、治疗组及缺血组大鼠达9/10正确反应所需电击数分别为5.6±1.2,8.6±1.3,19.6±2.6;对照组、治疗组及缺血组大鼠海马CA1区神经元计数分别为176.5±10.6,112.4±11.7,10.5±0.4.结论全脑缺血后脑室内注射胰岛素可明显减少大鼠海马CA1区神经元的死亡,进而减轻大鼠学习记忆力损害.     

神经节苷脂对不完全性脑缺血后海马CA1区NOS阳性神经元表达的影响

目的:探讨神经节苷脂(GM1)对不完全性脑缺血及再灌注不同时间后海马CA1区一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的影响及对神经元的保护作用.方法:用双侧颈总动脉夹闭加放血的方法制成大鼠不完性脑缺血及再灌注模型,以还原尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学方法观察缺血及再灌注后海马CA1区NOS阳性神经细胞变化及GM1对其影响.结果:海马CA1区神经细胞受损,在缺血30 min时NOS阳性细胞数最高(44.5±7.4),为对照组的2倍,再灌注2 h,12 h,24 h,3 d后逐渐下降,5 d时恢复正常水平.而GM1能防止脑缺血及再灌注后神经细胞受损和NOS阳性神经细胞变化.结论:GM1对大鼠不完全性脑缺血及再灌注不同时间后海马CA1区NOS的表达有抑制作用,并对神经元具有保护作用.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。