畜禽养殖废水甲烷化、反硝化和厌氧氨氧化除碳脱氮探讨

甲烷化、反硝化和厌氧氨氧化均是实现养殖废水除碳脱氮的途径,与传统除碳脱氮相比,三者联合作用途径占地面积小、运行费用少、能源消耗低、污泥产量少,在养殖废水处理中有着十分广阔的应用前景。文中介绍了甲烷化、反硝化和厌氧氨氧化反应机理;分析了厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化、反硝化脱氮效果和稳定运行的影响因素及其耦合可行性;论述了目前甲烷化、反硝化和厌氧氨氧化的耦合研究;提出了后期对甲烷化、反硝化和厌氧氨氧化用于养殖废水处理研究的展望。     

耦合式污水脱氮技术的研究进展

基于微生物的协同作用概述了耦合式污水脱氮技术的研究现状,主要包括同步硝化反硝化,厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同,同时反硝化产甲烷,厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和反硝化耦合等,并且阐述了这些过程的原理、实现工艺及特点,以期为实现污水的有效脱氮提供参考。     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化组合工艺处理煤气化废水的研究

为了实现煤气化废水的经济有效脱氮，分别研究了单独亚硝化及其与厌氧氨氧化组合工艺对实验室模拟废水和实际煤气化废水的脱氮性能，分析了废水中苯酚对亚硝化反应器运行的影响及其自身转化。结果表明：质量浓度为7～50 mg/L的苯酚对亚硝化系统首先产生抑制，但随着运行时间延长，系统性能逐渐恢复。在处理实际煤气化废水时，逐渐增加进水中煤气化废水的比例，废水中毒性物质对亚硝化过程的影响能够被克服，亚硝化反应器可以实现稳定运行。在亚硝化反应器中，亚硝态氮积累率达90%左右，COD去除率达98%，反硝化脱氮对总氮的去除率达到60%左右；组合工艺中亚硝化反应器和厌氧氨氧化反应器均能够稳定运行，厌氧氨氧化脱氮率维持在70%左右；实际煤气化废水亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化全程氮去除率平均达到86%。     

回流比对厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合脱氮性能的影响

为提高厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合系统的脱氮性能,试验开展了回流比对厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合脱氮的影响研究。试验通过设置回流比分别为0%、100%、150%、200%和300%,测定反应系统氨氮、硝氮去除率,确定厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合工艺运行的最佳回流比。结果表明:回流比为150%为最适回流比,此时氨氮去除率达36%,硝氮去除率达50%,耦合系统运行平衡稳定。     

甲烷化反硝化厌氧氨氧化耦合中关键营养菌群的变化

分以产甲烷颗粒污泥为接种污泥,在UASB反应器实现了甲烷化耦合反硝化厌氧氨氧化。采用荧光定量PCR(QPCR)和荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术分析了耦合过程中关键营养菌群的绝对数量、相对丰富度和空间分布的变化。UASB反应器运行250 d后,NO~-_2-N、NO~-_3-N、NH~+_4-N和COD的去除率分别为99.99%、99.99%、48%和75%;细菌、产甲烷菌、反硝化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌/亚硝酸盐还原酶基因(nir S,nir K)和N_2O还原酶基因(nos Z)的相对丰富度分别为89.2%、10.8%、11.7%、0.964%、(9.52%,0.902%)和1.22%。耦合过程中,形成了具有明显分层结构的甲烷化耦合反硝化厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥(外层细菌,内部古细菌)。     

微气泡曝气生物流化床反应器SNAD过程脱氮性能研究

运行微气泡曝气生物流化床反应器(MAFBR),研究了不同运行策略下同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化(SNAD)过程实现及生物脱氮性能。结果表明,MAFBR反应器采用高碳氮比(C/N)启动并逐渐降低C/N的运行策略时,生物脱氮过程为同步硝化-反硝化,硝化过程效率较低且为生物脱氮的限制因素,生物脱氮性能不理想。MAFBR反应器采用低C/N启动并控制适宜溶解氧(DO)浓度的运行策略时,生物脱氮过程由同步硝化-反硝化逐渐转变为SNAD过程,从而实现高效生物脱氮性能。MAFBR反应器可在C/N为1、DO平均质量浓度为1.29 mg/L条件下实现SNAD过程,其氨氮平均去除率和平均去除负荷可达到69.87%和0.31 kg/(m~3·d),总氮(TN)平均去除率和平均去除负荷可达到63.93%和0.29 kg/(m~3·d),厌氧氨氧化对TN去除的平均贡献率可达到52.89%以上。     

少量有机碳对单级自养脱氮工艺性能的影响

采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),经过4个阶段的培养,快速富集好氧氨氧化细菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB),并考察不同低碳氮比对工艺脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,NH4^+-N去除率可达到99%以上,TN去除率可达到90%以上。对应C/N=0、1和2时,反应器出水NH4^+-N和TN去除率分别为99.59%、99.5%、98.47%和93.75%、97.22%、98.11%。说明少量COD的存在,可实现同步硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化,且在一定程度上提高脱氮效率。     

污水生物脱氮新技术研究现状与发展方向

综述了国内外生物脱氮领域最近开发出的短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化等新技术,指出了这些新技术的特点以及存在的不足.重点论述了目前实现短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术的方法,如控制温度、溶解氧浓度和pH值,并提出应用序批式反应器(SBR)实现短程硝化-反硝化生物脱氮工艺今后研究的发展方向和开发应用的前景.建议加强同步硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮工艺反应机理方面的研究.     

新型生物脱氮工艺的研究和进展

该文介绍了新型的脱氮理论及工艺,如将硝化反应控制在亚硝酸阶段、随后脱氮的短程硝化反硝化,在一个反应器中同时完成,硝化和反硝化的同步硝化反硝化以及在反硝化氨氧化菌作用下,由亚硝酸盐直接氧化氨氮完成脱氮的厌氧氨氧化等。     

pH值对厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合脱氮性能的影响

厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合系统在运行过程中容易受到很多因素的影响,包括温度、水力停留时间、C/N、pH值等。试验开展了p H值对厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合脱氮的影响研究。试验通过设置p H值梯度为7.0、7.5、8.0和8.5,测定反应系统氨氮、硝氮去除率,确定厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合工艺运行的最佳p H值。结果表明:pH值为7.5时最适宜,此时氨氮去除率达55%,硝氮去除率80%左右,耦合系统运行平稳恒定。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。