高氯酸铵复合物研究概况

对近年来高氯酸铵(AP)与推进剂燃烧剂、燃烧催化剂、高导热材料碳纳米管(CNTs)组成的复合物的热分解性能进行了总结,介绍了燃烧剂、催化剂和CNTs在含AP推进剂中的应用效果。结合当前含AP推进剂研究现状,认为AP复合处理是改善推进剂燃烧性能、能量性能和工艺性能的新型方法和有效途径,AP复合物具有良好的工程应用前景。     

应用于固体推进剂的石墨烯及其复合材料制备技术研究进展

系统介绍了多种石墨烯的制备、改性和复合方法,制备方法主要有机械剥离和湿法剥离,改性方法主要有非共价改性和共价改性,复合方法主要有非原位合成和原位合成。从石墨烯在固体推进剂中应用的角度分析比较了不同制备方法的优缺点,指出今后用作燃烧催化剂的石墨烯及其复合材料的制备技术重点应集中在如下几方面:(1)将微乳液法等纳米材料制备方法应用于石墨烯复合材料制备中;(2)应加强负载有机金属盐和含能催化剂的石墨烯负载型燃烧催化剂的研究;(3)开展石墨烯负载物的晶体生长研究。附参考文献57篇。     

石墨烯在微烟推进剂中的研究进展

石墨烯因其具备优异的力学性能、热性能、光学性能以及阻燃特性,已成为诸多领域中被应用最广泛的新兴材料之一。它自身存在的钝感性这一特点,在航空武器系统的动力源研究中作为钝感剂被使用时,可大大降低硝胺材料的感度,同时它作为目前力学强度最高的材料,在提高现有的航空微烟推进剂力学性能方面也具有广阔的发展空间。本文综述了近几年石墨烯在丁羟复合推进剂、双基推进剂、聚叠氮缩水甘油醚推进剂这三种微烟推进剂应用中的研究现状,并展望了其应用前景。     

固体推进剂含能燃烧催化剂研究现状与发展趋势

以含能基团为区分，综述了固体推进剂含能燃烧催化剂近年来的研究现状，总结了唑类、吖嗪类、二茂铁类、蒽醌类、石墨烯类及硝基类含能燃烧催化剂对固体推进剂及其主要组分的催化燃烧作用及催化机制。指出唑类和吖嗪类部分化合物对固体推进剂催化效果优异；二茂铁及衍生物含能化兼具提升能量和改善迁移；蒽醌类等新型含能催化剂也各有优势；含氮量越高，对催化剂体系能力贡献越大，可通过在氮杂环上引入硝基等含能基团以提高氮含量并改善催化剂的性能。指出今后含能燃烧催化剂的研究重点为：进一步开展多功能、多金属含能燃烧催化剂的设计及机理探索；同时加强含能燃烧催化剂对其他含能材料热分解的催化作用及在固体推进剂中的应用研究。附参数文献89篇。     

石墨烯在光催化水解制氢中的应用

由于石墨烯优异的电子结构和电子传输性能,使得其在光催化领域的研究得到了广泛的关注。本文简要介绍了最新以石墨烯为基础的复合光催化剂的制备方法及其在催化水分解制氢方面的应用,重点评述了石墨烯及其氧化物、TiO2与石墨烯类复合物、CdS与石墨烯类复合物、含氧金属酸盐与石墨烯类复合物等的光催化性能,简要说明了光敏化、贵金属负载、非金属掺杂等对复合物光催化性能的影响。最后,指出对于石墨烯与纳米材料复合物的结构及光催化作用的机理都有待于进一步的研究,以便充分利用石墨烯的二维平面结构制得具有较高光催化水解制氢活性的催化剂。     

纳米材料在固体推进剂中的应用进展

从纳米含能材料、纳米金属粉、纳米催化剂及纳米碳材料4个方面综述了纳米材料在固体推进剂中的应用进展,归纳了各类纳米材料的特点及其在固体推进剂应用中存在的问题。指出了未来的研究方向,如纳米材料在固体推进剂中的分散技术、影响纳米材料微观形貌和粒度的因素、纳米材料在固体推进剂中的催化作用机理及利用纳米材料改善固体推进剂的力学性能等。     

复合改性双基推进剂降感技术及感度机理研究进展

从高价值武器平台战术导弹面临的安全性问题出发,综述了复合改性双基(CMDB)推进剂含能组分降感技术及感度机理的研究进展。从含能填料改性降感及取代降感技术、含能增塑剂降感技术及综合降感技术等方面,总结了CMDB推进剂能量与感度的匹配技术途径。介绍了近年来含能组分与多组分感度机理研究工作,概述了CMDB推进剂感度机理及预测方法。研究趋势表明,新型钝感材料和新降感技术有待进一步应用于CMDB推进剂,应结合理论计算研究形成感度预测方法,以提高CMDB推进剂的研制效率及综合性能。附参考文献101篇。     

新型燃烧催化剂在固体推进剂中的应用研究进展

综述了近年来各种新型燃烧催化剂,即新型碳物质催化剂、绿色催化剂、有机含能催化剂、纳米复合催化剂和钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂,在固体推进剂中的应用研究进展;指出了固体推进剂用燃烧催化剂的发展方向,可为该领域科研人员提供一定的参考.     

双基系推进剂用绿色燃烧催化剂研究进展

综述了双基系推进剂用绿色燃烧催化剂的研究现状,归纳总结了含铋、铜、钡、镁、锆等绿色金属基燃烧催化剂的特点及发展趋势,指出含金属铋的绿色燃烧催化剂催化性能优良,具有潜在的应用前景;含金属铜的绿色燃烧催化剂与其他金属盐复配使用,催化效果更好;含金属钡的绿色燃烧催化剂催化活性较低,但平台效果很好;含其他金属绿色燃烧催化剂还需加强应用研究。提出以下几点是今后研究的重点方向:绿色燃烧催化剂含能化、纳米化研究;新型碳材料负载纳米绿色金属基复合催化剂的制备和使用;双金属多功能绿色燃烧催化剂的制备和机理探究;铋-铜-炭三元复合催化剂体系协同作用的应用研究。附参考文献78篇。     

轻质碳材料及其复合物在固体推进剂中的应用研究进展

从催化固体推进剂组分、调节推进剂燃烧性能等方面综述了轻质碳材料及其复合物在推进剂中的应用研究进展,分析了富勒烯、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管等碳材料及其复合物对推进剂组分热分解的不同催化效果及对推进剂燃烧性能的调节作用。介绍了活性炭纤维、石墨等在推进剂制造、废旧推进剂处理等方面应用的研究进展,指出了今后轻质碳材料在固体推进剂中应用的重点研究方向。附参考文献40篇。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.