Effects of salting processes and time on the chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg

Chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg salted by 2 methods (coating and immersing) were determined during 4 wk of salting. As the salting time increased, moisture content increased and salt content decreased for both cooked salted egg white and yolk. Oil exudation of cooked yolk and expressible water content of cooked egg white obtained from both salting methods increased as salting proceeded (P < 0.05). After cooking, oil exudation accompanied by the solubilized pigments, especially at the outer layer of yolk, was obtained. At week 3 of salting, egg yolk from coating method had the higher egg exudation than that from immersing method. As the salting times increased, the lower hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience with higher adhesiveness and cohesiveness were generally found in cooked salted egg white (P < 0.05), irrespective of salting methods. Conversely, the hardness of cooked yolk increased continuously and reached the maximum at week 2 and 2 to 3 for immersing and coating method (P < 0.05), respectively. Confocal laser scanning micrographs revealed the smaller yolk granules with more release of free lipid in salted egg after heating, compared with the fresh counterpart. As visualized by scanning electron microscope, gel of cooked salted egg white was coagulum type with larger voids. Salting methods determined oil exudation in egg yolk and texture profile of egg white gel after cooking; however, those attributes were also governed by the salting time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Salted duck egg can be made by 2 methods (coating and immersing) affecting the characteristic of salted egg white and yolk after cooking. Desirable cooked salted egg having the red yolk with hardness and high oil exudation could be obtained when salting was carried out for 3 and 4 wk for immersing and coating method, respectively.     

腌制方法对鸭蛋黄成分变化及品质影响

研究了鸭蛋在草木灰包裹法和盐水浸泡法腌制过程中,水分含量、盐分含量、R值与Q值,蛋黄总脂肪、可溶性蛋白质和巯基含量的变化以及成熟(7周)后两者蛋黄的感官品质。7周内,随腌制时间的延长,浸泡法鸭蛋黄水分含量明显低于包裹法鸭蛋黄,盐分含量却高于包裹法;蛋清R值高于蛋黄,灰蛋的R值、Q值都低于盐水蛋。第7周,灰蛋和盐水蛋的Q值上升为0.88和0.90;脂肪占湿重的含量上升至48.45%和50.67%,而腌制期总脂肪量是没有变化的;可溶性蛋白质含量增加至6.75%和6.08%;表面巯基和游离巯基下降至0.31、0.28mmol/g蛋黄和1.68、1.34mmol/g蛋黄。灰蛋蛋黄在形态、滋味和气味方面明显优于盐水蛋,感官评分分别为88.9和78.65。     

腌制对鸭蛋中油脂品质的影响

以新鲜鸭蛋为原料,采用裹蛋腌制法制备咸鸭蛋。研究了腌制过程中不同腌制时间对咸鸭蛋的蛋黄指数、水分含量,以及对蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量、脂肪酸构成等指标的影响。研究结果表明,随着腌制时间的延长,鸭蛋中的水分含量逐渐降低,而蛋黄指数、蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量逐渐增加。腌制后的鸭蛋中不饱和脂肪酸含量略有降低,而饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸含量略有增加。总体而言,腌制并没有鸭蛋中蛋黄油的食用品质产生严重的影响。     

间歇超声辅助加快咸蛋腌制速度工艺优化

为加快咸蛋腌制速率,缩短腌制周期,本实验通过测定腌制过程中咸蛋含盐率、含水率、蛋黄出油率及蛋清粘度指标的变化,探究超声波技术对咸蛋腌制的影响。通过超声波单因素试验探究超声波处理次数、超声时间、超声功率以及超声频率对超声波辅助咸蛋腌制效果的影响,后由L₉(34)正交实验对间歇超声辅助腌制咸蛋工艺进行优化,由蛋清、蛋黄含盐率以及蛋黄出油率得出最优的间歇超声辅助腌制工艺为:超声波处理3次,超声时间30 min,超声功率350 W,超声频率20 kHz,此工艺相对传统腌制工艺,蛋清含盐率6.37%,蛋黄含盐率1.58%,蛋黄出油率达到57.53%。在保证咸蛋出油率等品质上,与传统工艺相比腌制时间缩短了15~20 d,且蛋白细嫩,咸蛋黄松沙出油,蛋黄外周黑圈等优点。     

低盐咸蛋的腌制工艺及其品质研究

提出一种两段腌制法制备低盐咸蛋的方法,分别对两段法腌制过程中咸蛋蛋白和蛋黄的水分含量、盐分含量进行实时检测,考察腌制结束时蛋黄的出油率,并且对咸蛋品质进行综合感官评定。结果表明,先使用19%盐水再换用3.5%盐水的两段法腌制工艺,咸蛋产品中蛋白盐分含量为3.64%,比传统法腌制产品蛋白盐分含量降低51.21%,口感适宜;蛋黄含盐量为0.94%,略低于传统法腌制的1.23%;蛋黄脂质渗出率为67.73%,与传统法腌制的69.22%基本相当。该腌制工艺不仅可解决传统咸蛋蛋白盐分过高、口感过咸的问题,同时也可保证蛋黄松沙出油,从而获得高品质的低盐咸蛋。     

Edible coating affects physico‐functional properties and shelf life of chicken eggs during refrigerated and room temperature storage

Effects of chitosan, whey protein concentrate (WPC), mineral oil (MO) and/or soybean oil (SO) coating on egg quality were compared at 25 and 4 °C, respectively, during 5 and 20 weeks of storage. Storage time and temperature, and type of coating significantly affected Haugh unit, yolk index, weight loss, albumen pH and emulsifying capacity. Shelf life was extended 4 weeks by MO and SO and 2 weeks by chitosan and WPC longer than that observed for noncoated eggs at 25 °C. MO‐ and SO‐coated eggs maintained AA grade for 20 weeks at 4 °C. Weight loss of SO‐coated eggs was <1% after 5 weeks at 25 °C and after 20 weeks at 4 °C. Yolk index and emulsifying capacity were more correlated at 25 °C than at 4 °C. MO and SO were more effective coating materials, with SO providing a more cost‐effective coating for extending egg shelf life.     

Photocolorimetric determination of yolk colour in relation to selected quality parameters of eggs

BACKGROUND: Determination of egg yolk colourity and colour was carried out by means of a new photocolorimetric methodology based on the CIELAB system. Measurements (after gloss elimination) were performed using a Color Guide Sphere Spex photocolorimeter. For comparison, a standard method according to the Yolk Colour Fan^® (Roche) was used. RESULTS: Yolk colourity was measured in 252 eggs from layers of Isa Brown breed (aged 51–80 weeks). The colourity parameter L* ranged from 43.42 to 68.51. The parameter a* ranged from 0.05 to 13.49 and the parameter b* ranged from 22.38 to 48.18. The normal (Gaussian) distribution curve for the individual parameters was validated. The resulting number of 8700 combinations of yolk colour parameters was given by multiplication of possible results in the experiment while taking into account the instrumental accuracy. All results according to the Yolk Colour Fan^® (Roche) scale represented a range of three colour stripes. CONCLUSION: The photocolorimetric determination is more precise than the Yolk Colour Fan^® (Roche) method. No correlation between yolk colourity parameters and yolk cholesterol concentration was found. The highest correlation (r = ?0.919) was observed between yolk colourity parameter b* (yellow colour) and total egg weight. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Physicochemical Properties of Salted Pickled Yolks from Duck and Chicken Eggs

Duck egg yolk pickled by salt attained more desirable characteristics, such as orange color, oil exudate, and grittiness, than salted chicken egg yolk. Salted duck egg yolk reached a hardening ratio of 90% in 28-days; 35 days were required for the salted chicken egg yolk to achieve the same hardening. Moisture content of egg yolk affected the quantity of extracted lipid, an index of oil exudation. The moisture content of duck egg yolk was 19%, and the extracted lipid was 30%. But less than 4% lipid was extracted when moisture content was >27.5%. Under scanning electron microscopy, yolk spheres dominated the yolk structure probably responsible for the gritty texture.     

Changes in chemical composition,physical properties and microstructure of duck egg as influenced by salting

Changes in chemical composition, physical properties and microstructure of duck egg, during salting for up to 14 days, were determined. Duck egg consisted of 10.87% shell, 54.73% egg white and 33.94% yolk. Salting resulted in an increase in weight proportion of egg white, but a decrease in yolk proportion. Moisture contents of both egg white and yolk decreased gradually with concomitant increases in salt and ash contents as the salting time increased. Protein and lipid contents increased slightly in both interior (viscous portion) and exterior (hardened portion) egg yolk with increasing salting time. Oil exudation was observed in yolk, particularly in exterior yolk. Triacylglycerols and phospholipid, found as the major lipids in egg yolk, underwent slight changes, but no differences in protein patterns of either egg white or egg yolk were observed during salting. Hardening ratio and hardness of egg yolk increased with increasing salting time. Adhesiveness and gumminess also increased, while springiness, cohesiveness and gumminess decreased slightly when the salting time increased. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that yolk granule was polyhedral in shape and aligned closely when the salting proceeded. Protein spheres were distributed uniformly, together with oil droplets, in salted yolk, as visualised by transmission electron microscopy. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) micrographs indicated that the greater dehydration and release of lipids took place in egg yolk during salting.     

脉动压技术腌制鸡蛋工艺优化

为提高咸蛋的腌制速率和食用品质,应用脉动压技术,选取高压幅值、高压与常压时间比为影响因素,通过单因素及正交试验,考察咸蛋腌制中蛋增重率、蛋清含盐量和蛋黄含盐量的变化,对脉动压腌制禽蛋工艺进行优化。结果表明：用饱和食盐溶液腌制48h,传质速率最佳的工艺为高压幅值135kPa、高压与常压时间比7.5min/15min。并对咸蛋品质进行感官评定,最终以高压幅值120kPa、高压与常压时间比为7.5min/15min 所腌制的咸蛋品质最佳。     

Effect of Acetic Acid and Commercial Protease Pretreatment on Salting and Characteristics of Salted Duck Egg

Salting of duck egg pretreated with 5% acetic acid and different commercial proteases (flavourzyme, protamex, alcalase, and neutrase) was studied. After 2 weeks of salting, duck eggs soaked in 5% acetic acid for 30 min, followed by soaking in 5% (w/v) flavourzyme and neutrase had the highest hardening ratio (90.14 ± 2.43%, 90.25 ± 1.23%) with the coincidental increase in salt content in egg white and decrease in moisture content of yolk, compared with those from other treatments (p < 0.05). However, similar hardening ratio of the sample treated with alcalase was obtained to that of sample treated with either flavourzyme or neutrase (P > 0.05). After 1 week of salting, protamex showed the similar effect on hardening ratio to other proteases (p > 0.05). When eggs were pretreated with neutrase at different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%, w/v) for different times (30, 60, and 90 min), those pretreated with 0.25% (w/v) neutrase for 90 min had the shorter salting time, while soaking time did not have the impact on hardening ratio for egg treated with 0.5% and 0.75% neutrase (P > 0.05). The oil exudation of egg treated with 0.25% neutrase had the higher oil exudates than the control at week 2 and 3 of salting (P < 0.05). Treatment of neutrase had no impact on viscosity of egg white, regardless of salting time (P > 0.05). Microstructure study revealed that shell of salted egg pretreated with acetic acid had rough and porous surfaces when compared with control, whereas no changes in microstructure and FTIR spectra of shell membrane were found. Therefore, pretreatment of egg with 5% acetic acid for 30 min, followed by 0.25% neutrase for 90 min prior to salting could expedite the salting process and yielded egg yolk with hardening ratio and oil exudates, comparable to the traditionally salted egg.     

盐水法和包灰法腌制咸蛋理化性质的比较

研究了盐水法和包灰法在腌制咸蛋过程中理化品质的变化。结果表明:盐水法腌制的咸蛋黄的DHA含量是包灰法腌制的2倍多,而硬脂酸含量只有包灰法的2/3,其他脂肪酸没有明显差异。两种腌制方法的蛋黄和蛋清蛋白质种类没有差异,咸蛋清主要是相对分子质量为45 000的卵清蛋白,咸蛋黄的相对分子质量为46 000、66 000高密度脂蛋白的载脂蛋白和相对分子质量为100 000的低密度脂蛋白的载脂蛋白。包灰法蛋黄硬化率较高,且盐水法浸油率不如包灰法。包灰法腌制后蛋壳孔比盐水法多且表面粗糙,壳膜纤维直径由于脱水也比盐水法的纤细。两种方法腌制后可以明显看到蛋黄脂蛋白中油脂和载脂蛋白分离,包灰法油脂脱离的更多,蛋白质颗粒直径都在0.2~2μm范围。     

干腌火腿现代滚揉腌制工艺研究

通过干腌火腿现代滚揉腌制成套技术装备进行滚揉腌制工艺正交试验,研究用盐量、腌制时间、上盐次数等试验因素对腌制效果的影响。结果表明:采用滚揉腌制能有效提高腌腿表层盐分和内部水分传质渗透速度,腌制25d股二头肌NaCl含量达到传统工艺35d水平,且用盐量比传统工艺降低30%,均匀性提高10%;回归试验因数的相关分析结果表明:NaCl含量与腌制时间呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与用盐量也呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。滚揉腌制工艺优化结果为:6%用盐量-25d腌制时间-4次上盐滚揉处理组合。     

咸鸭蛋快速熟化技术研究

采用5% 醋酸浸泡鸭蛋,溶解蛋壳外膜,增加蛋壳的通透性。再采用分步式腌制工艺,既先用饱和食盐水腌制,再用10g/100mL 和15g/100mL 食盐溶液腌制。并考察腌制过程中鸭蛋的含油量、含盐量及蛋黄指数的变化。结果表明：醋酸浸泡的鸭蛋先用饱和食盐水腌制11d,再在10g/100mL 和15g/100mL 食盐溶液中腌制7d 左右,咸鸭蛋的品质不仅良好,而且腌制时间比传统工艺缩短两周左右。     

Effects of egg weight on egg quality characteristics

BACKGROUND: The experiment was carried out with total of 270 eggs, which were collected from a brown‐egg layer strain of Lohmann hens reared in a cage system. Collected eggs were categorized according to weight and classified as medium, large, extra‐large or jumbo. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of egg weight on egg quality characteristics. RESULTS: The darkest shell color scales were noted in jumbo eggs. The redness of egg shell color in the medium egg was significantly lower than that of the other egg sizes (P < 0.05). Egg shell thickness (P < 0.05) was highest in medium egg (0.400 mm) and lowest in extra‐large egg (0.382 mm). Albumen height (AH) was significantly affected by egg weight (EW) (P < 0.01). Yolk height (YH) and yolk index (YI) increased with egg size. Breaking strength was highest in the medium‐weight egg. There were significant positive correlations between EW and AH, EW and YH, EW and YI, EW and yol color, EW and redness (a), but EW had significant negative correlations with ST in overall eggs. CONCLUSION: The darkest shell color (L‐a‐b) was noted in the jumbo egg. Albumen height and yolk height increased with egg weight. Increase in egg weight caused darkness in the yolk color scale. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Deposition of carotenoids in egg yolk by short‐term supplement of coloured carrot (Daucus carota) varieties as forage material for egg‐laying hens

BACKGROUND: Supplying egg‐laying hens with different forage materials may influence egg production and quality. The aim of this study was to examine the short‐term effects of standard feed plus 70 g day^?1 per hen of three coloured carrot varieties (orange, yellow and purple) as forage material in comparison with a standard feed control on egg production, egg yolk colour and deposition of carotenoids in the yolk. RESULTS: Carrot supplementation reduced feed intakes significantly, but not on a dry matter basis. Orange carrot treatment significantly reduced egg mass production, whereas yellow and purple carrot treatments did not differ from the control. Egg and yolk weights of all carrot‐supplemented treatments were significantly lower than those of the control, but yolk percentages were similar. Yolk redness increased significantly in the order control < yellow < orange < purple. A similar trend was seen for yolk yellowness, but yellow and orange carrots reached the same level. Yolk colour and carotenoid contents correlated positively and significantly. In particular, purple carrot treatment increased the yolk content of lutein (>1.5‐fold) and β‐carotene (>100‐fold) compared with the control. CONCLUSION: Supplementing the feed of egg‐laying hens with coloured carrots efficiently increased yolk colour parameters and carotenoid contents, which gives opportunities for improved nutritional value of eggs from forage material‐supplemented hens. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于近红外光谱的腌制期咸鸭蛋理化指标无损检测

以高邮麻鸭蛋为研究对象,采集整个腌制期咸鸭蛋近红外光谱数据,对比测定其理化指标值,建立咸鸭蛋关键品质指标（蛋黄含水率、蛋黄氯化钠浓度和咸蛋黄指数）的无损快速检测模型。为尽可能削弱外部其他因素对样本光谱采集过程的影响,使用多元散射校正、归一化等预处理方法,结合竞争性自适应重加权算法（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS）、连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）和非信息变量剔除（uninformative variables elimination,UVE）3种特征选择算法建立偏最小二乘回归模型,并在一次特征波段选取基础上提取二次特征波长,再建立偏最小二乘回归模型。结果表明,蛋黄含水率、蛋黄氯化钠浓度和咸蛋黄指数的最优波长选择方法均是二次特征波段提取法UVE+SPA,发现二次特征波段选择综合表现最优。经对比分析,蛋黄含水率、蛋黄氯化钠浓度、咸蛋黄指数最优模型结构分别是标准化-UVE+SPA-PLSR、卷积平滑-UVE+SPA-PLSR、均值中心化-UVE+SPA-PLSR,训练集相关系数...     

SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of LIQUID EGG PRODUCTS AT PASTEURIZATION TEMPERATURES

The influence of temperature on the rheological properties and density of liquid egg product at pasteurization temperatures was investigated. the density of all these products decreased with increasing temperature: however, the changes were different depending on the product. the change in density may be represented by simple linear equations. All the products showed pseudoplastic flow behavior that may be described by the Power-law model. Egg white had the lowest power law index (n=0.552). Salted egg yolk had the highest n value (>0.8), thus it is closer to Newtonian fluid in its behavior. This index did not vary greatly with temperature for whole egg and egg white but decreased with temperature for egg yolk and salted egg yolk the lowest consistency coefficient (m=54.52mPa.sⁿ) was observed for whole egg. Salted egg yolk had the highest m value (269.9mPa.sⁿ). Them value increased with temperature for egg yolk and egg white, but decreased with temperature before showing an increase for salted egg yolk and egg white. the calculated Generalized Reynolds number was below 2100 for all the products. These results show that laminar flow exits during typical pasteurization of liquid egg products and therefore the minimum residence time is half the average resident time.     

In vitro Survival and Growth of Salmonella Typhimurium inoculated on Yolk Membrane after long Term refrigerated Storage of Shell Eggs

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium has been isolated from commercial egg production facilities in the United States. Given its importance as a causative organism for food-borne salmonellosis, identifying approximate timelines for bacterial invasion of the egg is needed. The objective of this study was to examine net growth of S. Typhimurium in egg components over time. In trial 1 eggs were collected over a 24 hour period from a flock of single comb white leghorn hens while in trial 2 eggs were picked up from a commercial laying source once a week over the course of eight weeks and stored. Eggs were held at refrigeration temperature and each week, subsets of eggs were cracked, separated into yolk and albumen components, and inoculated with 10⁸ CFU/ml of novobiocin and nalidixic acid (NO/NA) resistant S. Typhimurium onto the vitelline membrane of the egg. Yolks were then covered with albumen. Eggs were incubated for twenty-four hours at 25°C. After incubation eggs were again separated into albumen, yolk, and vitelline membrane samples. In trial 1, S. Typhimurium net growth occurred in albumen by the second week and continued from 4 to 8 weeks while in trial 2 net growth only occurred at week 5 and 7. S. Typhimurium net growth on vitelline membranes occurred by 2 weeks and continued from 4 to 8 weeks in trial 1 while no net growth occurred in trial 2 over the 8 week period. Yolk samples showed no net increases in S. Typhimurium populations over the 8 week period. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Doxycycline depletion and residues in eggs after oral administration to laying hens

The depletion of doxycycline (DC) residues in eggs was determined after oral drug administration by drinking water to laying hens. The antibiotic was supplied to birds for 5 consecutive days and the eggs were collected during medication and 18 days after withdrawal. DC residues were determined by LC-MS/MS. DC was isolated from eggs with a solution of 0.02 M of oxalic acid (pH 4), 0.1 M Na₂EDTA and acetonitrile. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were 2 and 5 µg kg^–1, respectively. Analyses were performed on whole egg, egg white and yolk separately. DC was detectable 24 h after the beginning of administration. The concentration of antibiotic increased daily, resulting in the highest DC concentration in whole eggs at the first day of the withdrawal period. Thirteen days after withdrawal, the content of DC in whole eggs was below the LOQ of the method. However, some differences were found in the depletion curve of DC between egg white and yolk. Residues of DC in egg white were much higher during treatment and 1 day after withdrawal, but later the concentration in egg white decreased fairly rapidly and a higher DC content in egg yolk was observed. The depletion period was shorter for egg white than for yolk, and DC was detected in the egg white until 12 days after withdrawal and 2 days more in egg yolk than in white. DC reached a peak faster in egg white, but the residues were detectable for longer period in the yolk.