血必净对创伤失血性休克大鼠肠组织中活性氧的影响

目的 观察血必净复苏创伤失血性休克大鼠对肠道组织中活性氧的影响.方法 56只SD大鼠,随机分为3组:假休克组(A组)、乳酸林格液复苏组(B组)、乳酸林格液+血必净复苏组(C组).B组将血液回输并输入两倍量的乳酸林格氏液进行复苏,C组4 ml/kg血必净注射液加入乳酸林格氏液内输注.B、C组各取6、12、24 h 3个时间点,到时间点距回盲部5 cm处取10 cm小肠组织,制备成小肠匀浆,检测肠组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)含量.结果 大鼠休克后复苏2组肠组织中的MDA含量与A组比较均升高(P＜0.05);加用血必净注射液复苏,其肠组织中MDA的含量较单纯应用乳酸林格氏液复苏有所下降,但各时间点的数值仍高于A组.休克后复苏两组肠组织中的SOD含量与A组比较差异有统计学意义,均出现明显的下降(P＜0.05);加用血必净注射液复苏,其肠组织中SOD的含量较单纯应用乳酸林格氏液复苏有所升高,但各时间点的数值仍低于A组(P<0.05).结论 血必净可抑制肠道组织内活性氧物质的升高,具有一定的肠道保护作用.     

参附汤对失血休克大鼠肝脏细胞液糖皮质激素受体的影响

目的和方法：使用放射配体结合法检测正常对照组，失血性休克组，参附汤加失血性休克大鼠肝细胞液糖皮质激素受体（GCR）数目，同时检测血浆皮质酮含量（CC）。结果：参附汤加失血性休克组失血12h后，肝细胞GCR数目明显高于失血性休克组（P＜0．01），与正常对照组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。失血性休克组及参附汤加失血性休克组CC无显著性差异（P＞0．05），但均高于正常对照组（P＜0．01）。结论：参附汤的抗休克作用与其减轻休克时GCR的减少且不影响血浆GC水平，增强GCR功能有关。     

参附注射液对失血性休克家兔肠系膜上静脉缺血再灌注小肠黏膜损伤的保护作用

目的观察参附注射液对失血性休克及肠系膜上静脉阻断后家兔小肠黏膜的保护作用。方法日本大白兔30只,随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组和参附注射液组,在各时间点取肠系膜上静脉血检测血浆内毒素及丙二醛水平;取末端回肠检测小肠黏膜厚度和绒毛高度。结果参附注射液组在休克1 h后和再灌注1 h后血内毒素水平较模型对照组明显下降(P<0.01或0.05),丙二醛水平明显下降(P<0.01),小肠黏膜厚度和绒毛高度明显改善(P<0.01)。结论参附注射液在失血性休克及缺血再灌注各个阶段都可以起到保护小肠黏膜结构和屏障功能的作用。     

参附注射液预处理对大鼠肝缺血再灌注肠黏膜屏障的保护作用

目的 探讨参附注射液（SF）对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤肠黏膜的保护作用。方法选用健康雄性SD大鼠90只,阻断第一肝门建立肝缺血再灌注模型,随机分为假手术组（SO组）、0．9％氯化钠注射液（NS）对照组（IR＋Ns组）和参附注射液治疗组（IR＋sF组）,SO组和IR＋NS组于再灌注前用与SF注射液等量之NS注射预处理,IR＋sF组则用SF灌注前做预处理,每组30只。建立肝缺血再灌注模型后再分为6h和12h两个时相点组,每组15只。检测血浆内毒素含量、ALT、丙二醛（MDA）和统计肠系膜淋巴结细菌移位率,并用光镜观察肠组织的病理变化。结果细菌移位率、内毒素、ALT和MDA水平IR＋sF组均较1R＋Ns组低。结论参附注射液对肝缺血再灌注后的肠黏膜屏障损伤有保护作用。     

参附注射液在预扩容治疗围手术期急性失血性休克中的疗效观察

目的观察围麻醉期参附注射液预扩容治疗在抢救急性失血性休克病人中的应用及效果评价,探讨参附注射液在预扩容治疗应用于急性失血性休克围术期治疗的可行性和临床意义。方法选择急性失血性休克病人50例,随机分成观察组（Ⅰ组,n=25例）和对照组（Ⅱ组,n=25例）。两组病人气管插管后行全身麻醉,Ⅰ组麻醉后即给予参附注射液100ml加入5％葡萄糖注射液500ml和预扩容治疗液（指胶体液中分子量羟乙基淀粉6％贺斯或万汶）静脉滴注;Ⅱ组给予5％葡萄糖氯化钠注射液500ml静脉滴注。其它输血、扩血管等抗休克治疗措施两组相同。监测注药后30、60、120min各时间段的血压、心率、心排血量（CO）及尿量的变化,记录两组的出血量和输液输血量。对比观察两组注药后的动脉血气变化。结果①Ⅰ组静注参附注射液和预扩容治疗液后30、60min,血压回升、心排血量（CO）回升、心率下降明显早于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）;尿量在1h和2h时与Ⅱ组有极显著差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。②注药后90min Ⅰ组血气分析各项指标明显升高,与Ⅱ组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论围麻醉期参附注射液在预扩容治疗急性失血性休克中,能迅速恢复血流动力学并稳定,改善微循环和组织代谢,在促进休克的复苏,提高围术期的安全性等方面有较好的疗效。     

右美托咪定对失血性休克大鼠肠黏膜的保护作用

摘 要 目的：观察右美托咪定预处理对失血性休克大鼠肠黏膜的保护作用及其可能机制。 方法: 32只SD大鼠随机分为4组：对照（Control）组、失血性休克（HS）组,右美托咪定低（Dex1,5 μg·kg-1）、高（Dex2,10 μg·kg-1）剂量组。Control组和HS组通过尾静脉在20 min内用微量泵注0.5 ml生理盐水,Dex1和Dex2组给予0.5 ml包含相应剂量右美托咪定稀释液。30 min之后,除Control组外,其余3组建立失血性休克大鼠模型。检测大鼠肠黏膜中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、钙离子（Ca2+）的含量、pH（pHi）及细胞凋亡率,并观察肠黏膜组织病理学改变。 结果: 与HS组比较, 右美托咪定各剂量预处理组均显著降低MDA、NO、Ca2+含量、细胞凋亡率及组织病理学评分,显著增加SOD含量和pHi（P<0.05）;但不同剂量组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论: 右美托咪定预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠对肠黏膜具有保护作用,其潜在作用机制可能与改善肠黏膜的抗氧化功能有关。     

刺五加注射液对肠缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的：通过建立大鼠肠系膜上动脉缺血再灌注（IR）模型,观察刺五加注射液对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：健康Wistar大鼠40只随机分为A假手术组,B缺血再灌注组,C缺血再灌注＋生理盐水组,D缺血再灌注＋刺五加注射液组。后两组分别静脉注射生理盐水和刺五加注射液。实验结束后分别观察小肠粘膜损伤程度并行病理评分,检测各组超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）、NO^2-／NO^3-和D-乳酸浓度。结果：D组与B组和C组比较,小肠组织匀浆SOD活性上升（P〈0．05）,MDA浓度降低（P〈0．01）,血浆中NO^2-／NO^3-浓度上升（P〈0．05）,D-乳酸明显降低（P〈0．01）,小肠粘膜损伤程度明显减轻（P〈0．01）。小肠粘膜损伤病理评分与D-乳酸水平呈正相关,与NO^2-／NO^3-水平和SOD活性呈负相关。结论：刺五加注射液对大鼠肠IR损伤有一定的保护作用,作用机制与其清除氧自由基,防止脂质过氧化和保护小肠粘膜上皮细胞有关。     

异丙酚对大鼠失血性休克复苏后肠道保护作用

摘 要：目的：通过测定肠道组织中SOD、MDA、血浆中DAO水平的变化探讨异丙酚对失血性休克复苏后肠道保护作用。方法：Wistar大鼠24只随机分为假手术组（C组）、失血性休克复苏组（THR-S组）、异丙酚组（P组）共3组,每组8只。建立失血性休克复苏动物模型,THR-S组在复苏后采用微量泵持续泵入生理盐水1ml/kg/h维持2小时,P组在复苏后采用微量泵持续泵入异丙酚1ml/kg/h维持2小时,到达时点后分别取材。结果：THR-S组及P组MDA及DAO水平均较C组升高（P<0.05）,P组较THR-S组有所降低（P<0.05）;THR-S组及P组SOD水平较C组降低（P<0.05）,P组较THR-S组有所升高（P<0.05）。结论：失血性休克复苏后肠道组织出现明显的损伤,异丙酚可通过抗氧自由基减轻此种损伤。     

和胃冲剂对大鼠急性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用

目的：观察中药复方和胃冲剂对大鼠急性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用。方法：将40只健康♂性Spaque-Dawley大鼠随机分为5组：正常对照纽、模型对照组、和胃冲剂低、中、高剂量组，采用无水乙醇诱导大鼠急性胃黏膜损伤，分别测定各组大鼠的胃黏膜损伤指数、血浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量，并在光镜下观察胃黏膜病理学改变。结果：和胃冲剂各剂量组的损伤指数较模型对照组显著降低（P〈0．01），且呈剂量依赖性；血浆中SOD活性显著升高，MDA含量下降，黏膜损伤程度明显减轻。结论：和胃冲剂对无水乙醇诱导的急性胃黏膜损伤有明显的保护作用，其机制可能与抗氧化作用有关。     

亚甲蓝对创伤性休克兔肺损伤的保护作用

目的通过测定创伤性休克兔血浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）变化以及肺组织病理学改变,评价亚甲蓝（MB）对创伤性休克的疗效及对肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法将日本长耳大白兔18只随机分为3,组：对照组、创伤性休克生理盐水复苏组（NS组）和创伤性休克MB复苏组（MB组）,每组6只,记录休克前（T4）、休克末（T2）、复苏末（T3）,复苏后0．5h（T4）、2h（T5）、4h（T6）时间点平均动脉压（MAP）的变化,并测定血浆SOD、MDA,复苏后4h放血处死动物,取肺测定肺叶湿重／干重比,并观察肺形态病理学变化。结果对照组SOD、MDA在各时间点变化不明显。另外2组在MDA水平变化明显升高,且生理盐水复苏组高于MB复苏组（P〈0．05）,SOD明显降低,生理盐水复苏组明显低于MB复苏组（P〈0．05）。肺组织病理学观察显示亚甲蓝对缺血再灌注损伤肺具有保护作用。结论亚甲蓝可能通过抑制氧自由基（ROS）的过度生成,对创伤性休克及其引起的缺血再灌注肺损伤（L／R）产生保护作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.