浙江省2015年HIV分子亚型特征及其传播关系研究

目的 了解浙江省现阶段HIV毒株亚型流行分布特征和分子网络传播关系。方法 采用分层随机抽样方法抽取浙江省2015年4-6月新发现HIV感染者302例进行横断面调查,运用RT-PCR和巢式PCR扩增pol基因成功获得276份序列,结合流行病学调查数据开展测序及系统进化树分析。结果 276例HIV感染者毒株亚型构成：CRF07_BC 122例（44.2%）,CRF01_AE 103例（37.3%）,CRF08_BC 17例（6.1%）,B亚型9例（3.2%）,CRF55_01B 6例（2.2%）,C亚型5例（1.8%）,CRF59_01B 1例（0.4%）,CRF67_01B 1例（0.4%）,A1亚型1例（0.4%）,URFs 11例（4.0%）。CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE毒株亚型在进化树上已形成明显的分簇现象,传播簇主要集中分布在MSM人群（76.5%）。MSM人群的成簇比例高于其他人群,且不同传播途径感染人群存在传播联系。结论 2015年浙江省HIV主要流行毒株以CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE为主,亚型构成有复杂化趋势,应加强对HIV毒株亚型和流行簇的监控和预警,开展分类管理,针对高风险人群和传播链开展有效防控。     

福建省HIV-1 新近感染者流行毒株基因亚型及其流行特征分析

目的 了解福建省HIV-1 新近感染者流行毒株的亚型分布和流行特征。方法 随机抽取福建省2011－2012 年使用BED捕获酶免疫试验检出的104 例新近感染者血样标本,采用反转录巢式PCR扩增,gag、pol 和env 基因片段,并测定和分析核酸序列。结果 目标人群中存在B亚型和01_AE、07_BC、08_BC、55_01B 四种流行重组型,其中以01_AE 和07_BC 流行重组型为主,分别占45.68%和35.80%。基因亚型的流行特征分析显示,亚型分布中01_AE 所占比例下降,07_BC 所占比例上升;性传播是主要感染途径,其中同性传播比例明显上升。结论 福建省HIV-1 流行毒株亚型分布众多,随着时间推移,亚型构成和传播途径已发生改变,应加强对HIV-1感染的分子流行病学趋势动态监测。     

云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州2016年新报告艾滋病病毒感染者的基因亚型分析

目的 分析2016年云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州（德宏州）新报告HIV感染者HIV基因亚型,了解中国籍和缅甸籍HIV感染者基因亚型分布特征。方法 对2016年德宏州新报告的HIV感染者提取核酸,使用RT-PCR法对HIV基因gag、env和pol进行反转录扩增,直接测序扩增产物,综合分析3个基因的测序结果,确定最终基因亚型。结果 2016年德宏州新报告HIV感染者1 112例,成功测定基因亚型的感染者860例。C亚型所占比例最大（占33.6%,289/860）;其后为独特重组（unique recombinant forms,URFs）（占28.4%,244/860）、CRF01_AE（占18.6%,160/860）等亚型;URFs中主要包括4种形式的重组,其中以CRF01_AE和C亚型重组为主。缅甸籍感染者的亚型分布与民族和传播方式相关。结论 德宏州2016年新报告HIV感染者基因亚型主要集中在C、URFs和CRF01_AE亚型,URFs分布依然复杂多样。     

柳州市1998－2012年新发现HIV基因亚型变化及HIV感染者首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数比较

目的 分析柳州市1998－2012年新发现HIV基因亚型变化,比较HIV感染者首次CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数（CD₄）,为艾滋病防治提供参考依据。方法 选取我国艾滋病综合防治信息系统中1998－2012年柳州市新发现HIV感染者,对其血浆进行RNA提取、扩增、测序和分型。采用Coharan-Armitage趋势检验法分析HIV基因亚型变化的趋势,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验法分析比较HIV感染者的首次CD₄。结果 研究对象共有1 877例HIV感染者。1998－2012年,CRF01_AE、CRF01_AE（Cluster 1）和CRF07_BC亚型构成比分别从78.4%（76/97）上升至91.5%（1 441/1 574）、63.9%（62/97）上升至74.0%（1 164/1 574）和17.5%（17/97）下降至4.6%（72/1 574）,趋势性检验差异均有统计学意义（Z=4.632,P<0.001;Z=2.455,P=0.014;Z=-5.943,P<0.001）。CRF01_AE（Cluster 1）、CRF01_AE（Cluster 2）、CRF07_BC和CRF08_BC亚型HIV感染者首次CD₄的中位数及四分位数间距分别是230（83～375）、215（48～351）、365（254～503）和334（206～479）个/μl。CRF01_AE（Cluster 1）和CRF01_AE（Cluster 2）亚型HIV感染者的首次CD₄均Z=-4.795,P<0.001;Z=-4.238,P<0.001）。结论 1998－2012年柳州市新发现HIV感染者以CRF01_AE亚型为主并呈上升趋势,其首次CD₄较低,且新发现CRF01_AE亚簇的种类在增加,其亚簇构成比存在变化趋势。     

云南省2008-2009年HIV-1病毒株亚型分布

目的 了解云南省目前HIV-1流行株的基因型及其地区和人群分布。方法 收集2008-2009年云南省15个地市788例HIV感染者/艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）的血浆标本和背景信息,采用RT-PCR法分别扩增HIV-1 gag、pol全长基因（1584 bp和3147 bp）及env基因的C2V3片段（558 bp）,序列编辑后用Genotyping及Mega 5.03软件工具确定病毒基因型,分析HIV-1株的地区和人群分布特征。结果 788例标本获得1728条HIV-1基因序列,其中全长gag基因序列599条、全长pol基因序列564条、env基因C2V3区序列525条,确定617例基因亚型,构成比分别为CRF08 BC（50.2%）、CRF01 AE（25.0%）、未知重组（10.2%）、CRF07_BC（9.2%）、C亚型（2.9%）和B（B''）亚型（2.4%）。HIV-1株在云南省具有地域分布特征,可分为以临沧和昆明为代表的CRF08_BC为主的地区,以德宏和西双版纳为代表的CRF08_BC与CRF01 _AE构成比相近的地区;未知重组型在云南省少数民族中所占比例（17.0%）显著高于汉族（6.7%）;异性性传播感染者和静脉注射吸毒感染者的CRF08 BC亚型均占总数的50.0%以上,但前者CRF01_AE的构成比占约30.0%,后者未知重组型和CRF07 BC的比例分别达到约15。0%。未知重组病毒株呈现两种重组模式,分别为B（B''）/C重组和以CRF01 AE为母株嵌入B（B''）和/或C片段重组,并以前者为主（74.6%）。结论 云南省HIV-1株组成复杂,具有显著的地域、民族和传播途径相关的特征,并出现新型重组病毒株,应密切监测。     

浙江省义乌市2016年新报告HIV/AIDS的HIV-1亚型和传播簇分析

目的 了解浙江省义乌市HIV亚型分布和传播簇特征，为HIV流行趋势分析和疫情防治提供依据。方法 对该地区2016年新报告HIV/AIDS开展分子流行病学横断面研究，从168例血浆中提取RNA，通过RT-PCR和巢式PCR扩增pol基因并测序。构建系统进化树分析亚型和传播簇，通过CPR 6.0在线软件工具分析耐药突变位点。结果 研究对象年龄（39.1±13.4）岁，男性为主（86.3%，145/168），外省户籍居多（66.7%，112/168），感染途径为同性传播（51.2%，86/168）和异性传播（48.8%，82/168）。HIV序列成功获得率为89.9%（151/168），优势亚型为CRF01_AE 74例（49.0%）和CRF07_BC 64例（42.4%），其他亚型包括CRF08_BC 5例（3.3%），CRF55_01B 3例（2.0%），B、CRF45_cpx、CRF59_01B、CRF85_BC和URF （B/C）各1例。CRF45_cpx和CRF85_BC在浙江省首次发现。共发现26个传播簇（含65个病例），总成簇比例43.0%（65/151），CRF01_AE成簇比例54.1%（40/74），高于CRF07_BC的32.8%（21/64）；各传播簇平均大小为2.5例/簇，CRF01_AE中异性传播的传播簇最大（3.5例/簇）。传播性耐药率为4.6%（7/151），7例检出监测性耐药突变，包括M46L 5例，F77L和Y181C各1例。结论 义乌市HIV亚型复杂多样，多种传播簇并存且特征多样，应继续加强亚型监测，重点对传播簇病例开展专题调查，实施针对性有效干预。     

广西壮族自治区2008 - 2009年HIV-1流行毒株基因型及其分布

目的了解广西地区目前HIV-1流行毒株的基因型及其分布。方法收集广西地区13个市294名2008-2009年新诊断的HIV感染者血浆标本和背景信息,感染途径主要为异性性传播(86.1%)。采用RT PCR法分别扩增HIV-1 gag,pol全长基因(分别为1584 by和3147 by)及enu:基因的C2V3片段(558 bp),序列编辑后用Genotyping及Mega 5.031具确定病毒的基因型,用Simplot和Recombinant HIV-1 Drawing Tool软件进行病毒基因的重组分析。结果获得全长gag基因序列270条、全长pol基因序列246条、。enu>基因C2V3区序列223条,确定272例标本的基因型。CRFO1_AE占的比例最高(77.6% ),其次为CRF08_BC(10.7%)和CRF07_BC ( 7.4% ),有4例B(B'')亚型,1例G亚型,还有7例未知重组型。性别、民族间病毒基因型分布的差异无统计学意义。7株新型重组毒株有6株以CRF01_AE为母株,嵌人B和/(或)C的片段,还有1株为CRF07_BC和CRF08_BC的二代重组。结论广西地区目前流行的HIV-1毒株以CRFO1_AE为主,并出现以CRFO1_AE为母株嵌人其他毒株基因片段的新型重组毒株,呈现基因组结构复杂化趋势。     

昆明市2018年男男性行为者HIV-1基因型及耐药特征分析

目的 了解2018年昆明市MSM的HIV-1基因型及耐药特征。方法 收集昆明市2018年1-12月新报告HIV-1感染的MSM的血浆样品193份,提取病毒RNA,采用巢式PCR扩增gag、pol和env区基因片段,进行基因分型和耐药分析,通过Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo（MCMC）方法分析昆明市MSM感染者中CRF55_01B和CRF68_01B的进化特征。结果 193份样品中发现多个HIV-1基因型,包括CRF07_BC（39.4%,76/193）、CRF01_AE（34.2%,66/193）、独特型重组（20.2%,39/193）、CRF08_BC（3.1%,6/193）、CRF55_01B（1.6%,3/193）、B亚型（1.0%,2/193）和CRF68_01B（0.5%,1/193）。Bayesian进化分析结果显示CRF55_01B从外省进入昆明市后已开始在本地传播,而CRF68_01B可能来自于我国东部地区。2018年昆明市MSM抗病毒治疗前的HIV-1耐药株流行率为2.6%（5/190）,对非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂的耐药突变发生率最高（2.1%,4/190）。结论 昆明市MSM的HIV-1基因型多样性逐年增加。MSM未接受抗病毒治疗HIV-1感染者耐药发生率虽然较低,但存在抗病毒治疗一线药物的多重耐药株。     

台州市2016-2018年新报告HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药及亚型流行特征分析

目的 了解台州市新报告HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗（ART）前HIV-1耐药情况及亚型流行特点。方法 于2016年1月至2018年12月在台州市开展新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药的横断面调查,RT-PCR扩增获得HIV-1 pol基因片段并测序,提交序列至斯坦福大学耐药数据库,根据2014年WHO耐药监测指南的推荐标准,确定耐药突变位点以及HIV-1毒株对抗病毒药物的敏感性。结果 2016-2018年台州市新报告HIV/AIDS中成功获得HIV-1 pol基因区序列的研究对象806例,ART前HIV-1耐药率为2.9%（23/806）,其中,非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NNRTIs）、核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NRTIs）和蛋白酶抑制剂（PIs）耐药率分别为1.9%（15/806）、0.6%（5/806）和0.0%。2016-2018年新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药率依次分别为1.6%、1.8%和4.8%。NNRTIs和NRTIs耐药突变位点以K103 N（0.7%）和M184I/V（0.5%）为主。HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（42.7%,344/806）、CRF07_BC（28.9%,233/806）和CRF08_BC（11.2%,90/806）为主。同性性传播者HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（53.3%,136/255）和CRF07_BC（32.2%,82/255）为主;异性性传播者HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（37.7%,203/539）、CRF07_BC（27.5%,148/539）和CRF08_BC（16.1%,87/539）为主。结论 2016-2018年台州市新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药率处于低流行状态,但存在上升趋势,需加强对HIV-1耐药型毒株的监测工作。     

天津市2014－2017年男男性行为人群艾滋病病毒感染者原发性耐药分析

目的 了解2014－2017年天津市MSM人群HIV感染者（MSM感染者）原发性耐药（transmitted drug resistance,TDR）的流行特点和相关因素。方法 收集2014－2017年天津市未经抗病毒治疗的MSM人群中HIV感染者的血浆样本共225例,采用巢式PCR法扩增pol区基因片段,进行基因型耐药检测和相关因素分析。结果 205例样本获得pol区基因序列,完成HIV亚型和耐药检测。基因型依次为CRF01_AE占53.2%（109/205）,CRF07_BC占28.8%（59/205）,B亚型占10.2%（21/205）,CRF55_01B亚型占4.9%（10/205）,其他独特型二代重组亚型占2.9%（6/205）。75例样本成簇分布在20个传播簇内,62.5%（10/16）的TDR样本分布在5个传播簇中。耐药株的TDR流行率为7.8%,2014－2017年每年的TDR流行率逐年上升,分别为3.9%（2/51）、5.7%（3/53）、9.6%（5/52）和12.2%（6/49）,但差异无统计学意义（χ²=2.504,P=0.127）,CRF01_AE亚型和B亚型TDR流行率最高,分别为3.4%（7/205）和2.9%（6/205）。TDR突变以非核苷酸反转录酶抑制剂（NNRTIs）为主,TDR流行率为6.3%（13/205）,核苷酸反转录酶抑制剂（NRTIs）和蛋白酶抑制剂（PIs）的TDR流行率分别为1.5%（3/205）和1.0%（2/205）。结论 天津市MSM感染者的TDR毒株的TDR流行形势较严重,需采取有针对性的预防和控制措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.