面向复杂地形的四足机器人步态生成方法

为实现四足机器人在凹凸地形上稳定运动并能选择最大步长的目的,提出了基于稳定裕度的步态规划方法;基于研究对象,建立四足机器人的运动学方程及逆运动学方程,将机器人足端的位置映射为各关节的关节变量;提出工作空间矩阵的概念,将所需克服的地形高度反映到工作空间矩阵中,并选择最优步态区域;依据四足机器人的立足点在质心坐标系下的空间坐标,以纵向稳定裕度为约束条件,在工作空间矩阵中计算机器人摆动腿的最大步长并规划机械腿的运动轨迹;针对所提出的方法,分别利用MATLAB和ADAMS进行仿真验证;在MATLAB环境中计算并验证质心的水平投影是否在立足点形成支撑多变形内,而ADAMS平台分析机器人在复杂地形上的位移变化及姿态变化。仿真结果表明机器人的质心始终在支撑多边形内,机器人的躯干姿态基本保持不变且运动速度匀速,所提出的方法能够保证机器人稳定行走,为四足机器人的稳定运动提出依据。     

基于AutoCAD平台的六自由度并联机器人

本文研究基于AutoCAD平台的六自由度并联机器人在姿态给定情况下工作空间(即位置工作空 间)的几何确定方法,该方法以机器人的运动学反解为基础,得出Stewart并联机器人和6-R TS并联机器人位置工作空间的边界方程,从而得出Stewart并联机器人的位置工作空 间是6个球体的交集,6-RTS并联机器人在姿态给定时其工作空间是6个相同的规则曲面体 的交集．基于AutoCAD平台,其交集以及交集的容积可以很容易的得出,该方法是确定六自 由度并联机器人工作空间的一种简单、有效方法．     

空间缩放式六自由度并联平台机构及位置分析

本文提出了一种以缩放机构为分支的新型六自由度空间并联机器人机构模型．文中讨论了它的机构学特点，给出了位置反解的方法，推导出了位置正解的８次封闭解法，并进行了数值验证．     

六边形对称分布六腿机器人的典型步态及其运动性能分析

为了便于在不同地理条件下合理地选择较优的步态,实现稳定高效的智能行走,本文针对一种六边形 对称分布的六腿机器人研究其不同步态的优劣．主要从行走能力、稳定性和能耗3 个角度对六边形对称结构的六腿 机器人在同样占空比下的3 种静态稳定周期步态进行了比较研究,此外还简要分析了其越障能力和穿越窄道的能 力．研究分析结果表明3 种步态（横向昆虫式摆动步态、哺乳动物式踢腿步态和混合步态）在不同条件下各有优劣： 横向昆虫式摆动步态在能耗和越障能力方面较其他两种步态有优势;而混合步态在稳定性上最具优势,其它能力处 于中间;哺乳动物式踢腿步态则可穿越窄道,步长上较昆虫摆动步态略好．本文的研究工作为六边形对称结构的六 腿机器人在未知复杂地貌环境下的智能行走提供了重要参考．     

连续不规则台阶环境四足机器人步态规划与控制

为了实现四足机器人在无崎岖地形先验知识情况下的自主爬行,提出了一种四足机器人运动控制方法.该方法采用间歇爬行步态作为主步态,将爬行运动分解为若干任务分别进行控制:基于NESM(normalized energy stability margin)判据计算内外倾的稳定裕度并根据其比值进行质心位置调整;使用坐标映射的方式调整足端坐标进行地面坡度适应;通过调整各腿长度控制机器人的高度;利用姿态传感器信息进行姿态恢复.仿真和实验表明,机器人仅依赖内部传感器即实现了在崎岖地形稳定行走,验证了本文方法的有效性和可靠性.     

一种新的双足机器人模型设计与相关研究

针对双足机器人最简模型在行走过程中出现摆动腿足部擦地的问题,提出了一种通过摆动腿膝关节弯曲达到摆动腿缩短的新模型。当摆动腿开始摆动时,摆动腿膝关节弯曲锁定,摆动腿缩短;当摆动腿摆动到最大位置时,膝关节解锁,摆动腿伸直再锁定,此后摆动腿回摆,系统变为直腿模型。采用脚后跟冲击控制,在摆动腿落地前,拖后的支撑腿与地面接触处施加一指向髋关节的瞬时冲击力,冲击力可以减小摆动腿着地时能量的损耗,同时驱动被动机器人向前行走。设计了迭代学习控制算法,找到极限环与不动点,实现不同给定期望步长跟踪的冲击力的计算。仿真结果表明,迭代学习控制可以有效的实现不同期望步长的跟踪,可以很快的找到机器人系统的不动点,通过收敛的相平面,得到稳定的极限环,保证了机器人行走过程稳定。     

基于位置反解算法的并联机器人坐标变换方法

目的为提高工作效率,提升工业机器人的可靠性、稳定性和运动精度,避免机器人出现速度以及加速度的突变,对机器人的位置进行准确的控制。方法 以RBT-6T03P并联机器人为例,应用坐标变化法和位置反解算法对并联机器人机构的位置坐标进行分析并利用MATLAB进行仿真。结果 结果表明：通过位置反解对并联机器人的坐标进行变换求解是方便可行。结论 所述控制方法相对于并联机器人求正解算法更加简单、方便、快捷。     

基于静平衡的四足机器人直行与楼梯爬越步态

为提升四足机器人的障碍爬越能力,采用稳定裕度作为四足机器人静态稳定的判据,以落足点形成的 象限边界明确了不同初始位姿机器人的迈腿可能性．基于迈腿次序将所有步态划分为24 种类型．利用运动空间需 求最小、稳定裕度最大、步态协调性最好3 个基本评价指标,对四足机器人的24 种基本步态进行了对比分析．提出 了基于投影分析法结合平面静平衡步态理论的楼梯爬越步态研究方法,并以上述3 个特性参数最佳为要求,对楼梯 爬越步态进行了系统仿真,所得结果为四足机器人的直行与楼梯爬越步态选择提供了理论依据．实验表明了所研究 方法的有效性．     

并联微机器人的逆动力学

本文基于牛顿 欧拉法建立了一类PSS副、带柔性铰链的六自由度并联微机器人的 逆动力学方程,这是设计、控制微机器人的前提和基础．所建模型不仅考虑了因柔性铰链的 特殊性,微机器人连杆绕自身轴线转动的内部运动,还分析了柔性球铰弹性变形产生的反力 矩．由于微机器人机构本体以及逆动力学建模过程中所固有的并联特性,对逆动力学可实施 并行算法．最后以一实例进行了仿真分析,仿真结果表明微机器人所需驱动力呈线性变化, 揭示了微机器人在微动情况下的线性本质．     

六自由度并联机器人的支链选取

提出了六自由度并联机器人的支链选取的系统方法． 并联机器人中有多种类型的支链可以用来实现末端执行器的6自由度运动， 每个支链的驱动关节应当在基座上或靠近基座的地方， 由支链所构成的整个并联机构的自由度应当为6．利用这些条件对并联机器人的支链形式进行筛选可以获得可行的支链形式． 通过这种方法可以去除很多不可行的支链形式, 得到可行的支链形式供后续设计使用．     

Comparison between different model of hexapod robot in fault-tolerant gait

This paper presents a gait analysis of the equilateral hexagonal model of hexapod robot. Mathematical analysis has been made on mobility, fault-tolerance, and stability. A comparison with the rectangular model of hexapod robot is also given, and it has shown that the hexagonal model shows better turning ability, a higher margin of stability during the fault-tolerant gait, and greater stride length in certain conditions.     

Optimal fault tolerant gait sequence of the hexapod robot withoverlapping reachable areas and crab walking

This paper extends the authors' previous results on fault tolerant locomotion of the hexapod robot on even terrain by relaxing nonoverlap of redefined reachable cells of legs and considering crab walking. It is shown that in fault tolerant locomotion two adjacent legs of the hexapod robot can have overlapping redefined reachable cells with each other and consequently the stride length of the gaits is increased. Also, the optimal fault tolerant periodic gaits for hexapod robots to have the maximum stride length in one cycle in crab walking on even terrain are derived with distinct reachable cells. The derived sequence for crab walking has different orders of leg swing according to the relative values of the crab angle and some design parameters of the robot     

Fault-tolerant locomotion of the hexapod robot

In this paper, we propose a scheme for fault detection and tolerance of the hexapod robot locomotion on even terrain. The fault stability margin is defined to represent potential stability which a gait can have in case a sudden fault event occurs to one leg. Based on this, the fault-tolerant quadruped periodic gaits of the hexapod walking over perfectly even terrain are derived. It is demonstrated that the derived quadruped gait is the optimal one the hexapod can have maintaining fault stability margin nonnegative and a geometric condition should be satisfied for the optimal locomotion. By this scheme, when one leg is in failure, the hexapod robot has the modified tripod gait to continue the optimal locomotion.     

A gait study for a one-leg-disabled hexapod robot

—As a remarkably strong point of a hexapod walking robot, it is considered that even if one of the six legs is disabled, static walking may be maintained by the remaining five legs. However, to maintain the static stability at maximum, a gait study for five-legged walking is a necessary factor. Hence, this paper describes a method of gait study for such a situation. Since it is very difficult to find a suitable gait by use of an analytical method without any model, such as a model based on insects' walking, we employed a programming method with the help of recent powerful computers. Some devices are applied to reduce the number of computations. As a result, we have obtained two kinds of gaits which can maintain the gait stability margin at a high level for a duty factor in the range of 0.6β < 1.     

Perceptive whole‐body planning for multilegged robots in confined spaces

Legged robots are exceedingly versatile and have the potential to navigate complex, confined spaces due to their many degrees of freedom. As a result of the computational complexity, there exist no online planners for perceptive whole‐body locomotion of robots in tight spaces. In this paper, we present a new method for perceptive planning for multilegged robots, which generates body poses, footholds, and swing trajectories for collision avoidance. Measurements from an onboard depth camera are used to create a three‐dimensional map of the terrain around the robot. We randomly sample body poses then smooth the resulting trajectory while satisfying several constraints, such as robot kinematics and collision avoidance. Footholds and swing trajectories are computed based on the terrain, and the robot body pose is optimized to ensure stable locomotion while not colliding with the environment. Our method is designed to run online on a real robot and generate trajectories several meters long. We first tested our algorithm in several simulations with varied confined spaces using the quadrupedal robot ANYmal. We also simulated experiments with the hexapod robot Weaver to demonstrate applicability to different legged robot configurations. Then, we demonstrated our whole‐body planner in several online experiments both indoors and in realistic scenarios at an emergency rescue training facility. ANYmal, which has a nominal standing height of 80 cm and a width of 59 cm, navigated through several representative disaster areas with openings as small as 60 cm. Three‐meter trajectories were replanned with 500 ms update times.     

Design,development, and control of a tough electrohydraulic hexapod robot for subsea operations

Abstract

In this paper, the design, the development, and the control for an 18 degree-of-freedom electrohydraulic hexapod robot for subsea operations are presented. The hexapod, called HexaTerra, can be equipped with a trenching machine, and move over obstacles and on sloped terrain. Optimization techniques are employed to size the robot legs. Rigid body equations of motion and hydraulic dynamics are developed. Compact electrohydraulic components are sized and selected taking into account the leg kinematics and system dynamic analysis. A model-based control system design is implemented in a real-time environment, able to produce the overall functionality and performance. Experimental results obtained from preliminary tests with the developed electrohydraulic hexapod show good controlled performance and demonstrate excellent system stability over obstacles.     

基于CPG的六足机器人运动步态控制方法

中枢模式发生器（CPG）在六足机器人的运动步态控制中起着至关重要的作用。为了研究六足机器人的运动控制方法,首先基于仿生学原理设计了六足机器人的机械结构,并在虚拟样机软件ADAMS中搭建其三维模型;其次选择Hopf振荡器作为CPG单元,并改进了振荡器模型;然后设计了六足机器人的CPG网络拓扑结构,包含单腿关节映射函数方案和腿间CPG环形耦合网络方案,并对其进行了改进;最后通过ADAMS和MATLAB联合仿真实验,验证了所设计六足机器人的运动稳定性和CPG控制方案的可行性与有效性。仿真结果表明,该方法能够满足六足机器人不同运动步态的控制需求,对六足机器人的运动控制具有一定的实际应用价值。     

控制六足仿生机器人三角步态的研究

基于仿生学原理,在分析六足昆虫运动机理的基础上,对六足仿生机器人的三角步态运动原理进行了分析.论文涉及六腿机器人步态研究的一些基本参数的描述,讨论了用相对运动的原理研究步态的方法,结合慧鱼机器人组合包中的构件拼出六足仿生机器人.该机器人模型结构简单,设计独特,能前进和后退,且能避开小型障碍物.基于三角步态运动原理对其进行了反复实验,实验结果表明六足仿生机器人具有较好的机动性和稳定性.