Structural and Physical Properties of Starches Isolated from Six Varieties of Millet Grown in China

This study investigated the structural and physical properties of starches extracted from six varieties of millet mainly grown in China. The amylose content of millet starches ranged from 17.6 to 28.4 g/100 g (dry weight basis, db), and a variety of waxy proso millet starch (0.38 g/100 g, db) was identified. These starches exhibited a majority of large polygonal granules with several indentations, few small spherical granules, and A-type crystallinity. Proso millet starch showed prominent paste clarity and freeze-thaw stability, whereas finger millet starch exhibited the highest solubility. Moreover, barnyard millet starch had the lowest sediment volume. The gelatinization enthalpy of proso millet starch was the highest (5.16 J/g). For non-waxy millet starch, the ratio of retrogradation (R%) was positively correlated with amylose content. Among all starches, the storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G″) during heating and cooling. The G′ and G″ of proso millet starch and barnyard millet starch pastes were significantly lower than other starches during cooling. The pasting properties of six millet starches significantly differed, had positive correlation with amylose content, and were affected by NaCl, sucrose, and pH values.     

糜黍淀粉理化性质及消化特性

以黍子面和糜子面为原料,用碱法制备黍子淀粉和糜子淀粉,对其颗粒形态、红外光谱特性、透光率、溶解度、持水力、凝沉稳定性以及消化性等性质进行研究。结果表明：黍子淀粉中支链淀粉含量为91.78%,直链淀粉含量为8.21%;糜子淀粉中支链淀粉含量为65.28%,直链淀粉含量为34.72%。糜子面粉、黍子面粉及其淀粉中的抗性淀粉含量均超过50%,糜子面和糜子淀粉中的抗性淀粉含量均分别高于黍子面和黍子淀粉。黍子淀粉的透光率高于糜子淀粉。糜子淀粉凝沉稳定性强于黍子淀粉。糜子淀粉和黍子淀粉的溶解度、持水力随温度的升高,呈现上升趋势。     

Nutritional,Functional and Physical Properties of Extrudates from Blends of Cassava Flour with Cereal and Legume Flours

Low protein and poor functionality limit the use of cassava flour in snack foods, which were modified using blends with cereal and/or legume flours. Native, malted (using alpha-amylase) as well as malted and pre-gelatinized was blended with cereal (finger millet and whole wheat flours) and/or legume (chick pea flour). Extrudates were prepared at a screw speed of 100 rpm and die temperature of 180 °C. Malted flour based extrudates had lower starch content than native flour. Gram malted cassava based blends gave products with the highest protein. In vitro starch digestibility was the highest for pre-gelatinized flour based mixes. Extrudates with low fat and energy have scope as low calorie snacks for obese and diabetic people.     

湿热处理对糯米粉血糖生成指数值及相关指标的影响

利用湿热处理工艺降低糯米粉血糖生成指数（glycemic index,GI）值,并对相关指标进行比较研究。通过水分含量、温度、处理时间对糯米粉直链淀粉含量和消化特性的影响,确定单因素范围,然后采用Box-Behnken设计,以直链淀粉含量（和GI值显著负相关）为指标,优化了糯米粉湿热处理工艺。最后将最优工艺所得的糯米粉（HMT）和普通糯米粉（WR）、仅进行酶解后的糯米粉（ER）进行体外消化特性和GI值的对比研究,以分析湿热处理对糯米粉GI值的影响。研究表明,经优化的最佳湿热处理时间为2.3 h、湿热处理温度为116 ℃、水分含量为20%,在优化条件下糯米粉直链淀粉含量为3.62%±0.01%,实测值均值与理论值（3.62%）一致,表明该模型可用于优化糯米粉湿热处理工艺。最优条件下制备的糯米粉快消化淀粉（rapidly digestible starch, RDS）含量下降,慢消化淀粉（slowly digestible starch, SDS）和抗消化淀粉（resistant starch, RS）含量上升;水解指数（hydrolysis index）明显降低,同时GI值降低30.1%。该法制备的糯米粉具有较低的GI值,可为低GI糯米粉开发的进一步研发提供实验思路。     

山西谷子全粉淀粉指标间相关性及消化特性研究

本文主要研究了77个山西谷子全粉样品中淀粉组分的相关性以及淀粉消化特性。分别测定了谷子金粉中淀粉、直链淀粉和抗性淀粉(RS)含量。制备谷子淀粉并分析了淀粉中快速消化淀粉(RDS)、慢速消化淀粉(SDS)、RS的含量以及淀粉消化指数(SDI)和持续消化淀粉(LS)。结果表明:各品种间RS含量差异性较大;全谷物以及制备得到的淀粉所测定的备指标间相关性较强。其中。谷子中RS与直链淀粉相关性最强(r=0.885),对谷子中RS聚类分析后发现。RS与直链淀粉近似呈线性相关(r=0.954)。对谷子淀粉体外消化研究表明:黄谷(2010)等品种中SDS舍量较高,晋谷21号(2010)等品种中RS含量较高,而陇谷10号(2012)等品种中LS含量相对较高,这些品种适用于糖尿病等人群食用或有助于开发相关降糖产品。     

球磨改性对小米全粉理化特性及其面条品质特性的影响

小米兼具营养价值与药用价值,为提高小米的附加值和小米面条的加工品质,本实验利用球磨技术对小米全粉进行改性处理,探究不同球磨处理时间（0.5、1、2、4、6、8 h）对小米全粉营养成分、水合特性、糊化特性、流变特性、结晶结构及面条品质的影响,并分析部分理化性质与面条品质的相关性。结果表明,随着球磨时间延长,小米全粉的结晶结构破坏较明显,损伤淀粉质量分数显著增加,直链淀粉质量分数不断减少（除8 h外）,面粉亮度由77.27升至81.37。同时,球磨处理使小米全粉峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升（P＜0.05）,分别由1 478、665 Pa·s和1 384 Pa·s提升至3 271（球磨1 h）、982 Pa·s（球磨2 h）和2 199 Pa·s（球磨2 h）,同时使水合特性（持水力、膨润力）显著提升（P＜0.05）。当球磨时间为4 h时,面团的凝胶网状结构愈发均匀致密,制作的小米面条质构、蒸煮品质均最佳。相关性分析结果表明,面条质构特性（弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性）、感官品质（色泽、外观、黏性）与直链淀粉质量分数呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与损伤淀粉和支链淀粉质量分数整体上呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。面条的蒸煮品质（断条率）与直链淀粉质量分数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与损伤淀粉和支链淀粉质量分数呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）;且糊化黏度与面条品质相关性也较强。综合分析,球磨技术对小米全粉的改性处理可用于生产较高品质的小米面条。     

Impact of brown foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour on thermo-mechanical properties of flours from different rice varieties

The physical, functional and thermo-mechanical properties of rice flours prepared from long, round and medium rice grain and of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour were investigated. The impact of foxtail millet flour addition on the thermo-mechanical properties to the rice flours was also explored. Rice flour from long grain had higher amylose content (26.37%), while the rice flour from round grain had better hydration properties compared to the other rice flours. The dough from long grain rice flour exhibited higher starch gelatinisation temperature and cooking stability and lower starch retrogradation compared to the other investigated rice flours. Foxtail millet flour addition to the rice flours exerted a lower impact on the thermo-mechanical properties of the dough based on rice flour from long grain compared to the other investigated rice flours. These differences might be due to the differences in terms of starch properties and proximate composition of the flour samples.     

Effect of Amylose Content on Gelatinization,Retrogradation and Pasting Properties of Flours from Different Cultivars of Thai Rice

Presently, rice cultivars are categorized according to amylose content into three groups: low, medium and high amylose content cultivars. The correlation of amylose content with gelatinization properties, retrogradation, and pasting properties of eleven cultivars of Thai rice were investigated. Rice flour was prepared from milled rice by the wet grinding process. Onset (T_o), peak (T_p) and conclusion (T_c) temperatures of gelatinization, (determined by DSC) were found to be highly positively correlated with amylose levels. This correlation could be used for prediction of amylose content of rice flour. Low amylose starch could also be characterized by low degree of retrogradation (%R). The data obtained from RVA‐viscograms (peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, and pasting temperature) can be used only for characterization of the group of low amylose starches (waxy rice). It was demonstrated that low amylose rice starch provided the highest peak viscosity and breakdown and the lowest setback and pasting temperature among the groups investigated.     

Physicochemical,thermal, and rheological properties of acid-hydrolyzed sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch

The effects of acid hydrolysis on physicochemical and rheological properties of sago starch were investigated. Sago starch was hydrolyzed in hydrochloric acid at 50 °C for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. The molecular weight distribution, physicochemical, thermal, and rheological properties of acid-hydrolyzed sago starch (AHS) were determined. After 24 h of hydrolysis, molecular weight of amylopectin and amylose were decreased to 3.57 × 10⁵ and 6.5 × 10⁴ g/mol, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of AHS increased with increasing degree of hydrolysis. Hydrolyzed sago starch containing low molecular weight fractions exhibited cold water solubility up to 100%. Setting temperature of AHS decreased with increasing hydrolysis time but amylose content and gel strength increased in the first 12 h of acid hydrolysis but decreased with extended hydrolysis time. Hydrolyzed sago starch in concentrations lower than 8 g starch per 100 g water was cold water soluble and could be used to modify properties of starch for specific applications such as yogurt and concentrated milk processing.     

不同粒径小米粉对面团流变特性及馒头质构特性的影响

为研究小米粉添加对面团流变特性和馒头制品质构特性的影响,分别选取不同粒径的粳性和糯性小米粉,利用损伤淀粉测定仪、快速黏度分析仪等对不同小米粉的损伤淀粉含量和糊化特性进行分析,通过流变仪测定小米面团的流变学特性,结合扫描电镜观察小米面团微观结构变化,并利用质构仪测定小米馒头的质构特性。结果表明：随着小米粉粒径的减小,多数品种小米粉（除冀谷39和汇华金米）损伤淀粉的碘吸收率增加;受直支比的影响,相同目数下,粳性小米粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和回生值较糯性小米粉大。流变学研究表明,除汇华金米和冀谷39,储能模量与损耗模量随角频率增加总体上升。扫描电镜观察发现小米粉的添加使面团结构更加松散。小米粉的添加会对馒头质构性质中硬度、咀嚼性和弹性等有一定程度的负面影响。主成分分析表明馒头咀嚼性、损伤淀粉、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、崩解值和回生值可作为区分粳糯品种和馒头品质特征的指标。     

Physicochemical and digestion characteristics of flour and starch from eight Canadian red and green lentils

Physicochemical and nutritional properties of flour and isolated starch from eight Canadian lentil cultivars were assessed to identify unique samples and key factors affecting starch digestion. The results showed that nearly half of apparent amylose in lentil flours was underestimated because it was complexed and embedded within the flour matrix, which led to slower starch digestion of cooked flour. Cooked red lentil flours showed significantly higher resistant starch content (11.0%) than flours from green lentils (6.8%) (P < 0.05). Among green lentils, Asterix and Greenland were unique for their high slowly digestible starch content after cooking, possibly owing to their high phenolic content and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity. Long‐ and short‐range ordering in starch was more indicative of low starch digestion for raw or cooked lentil flour rather than for isolated starch. The results suggest the flour matrix protects the starch ordered structure from enzyme hydrolysis.     

半干法磨制对小米粉及面条品质特性的影响

为实现小米在传统主食中的多样化应用,研究半干法磨制工艺对小米粉和小米面条品质特性的影响。通过 损伤淀粉测定仪、激光粒度分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、混合实验仪等测定小米粉的物理特性和功能 特性;通过低场核磁共振仪、蒸煮实验、质构仪测定小米面条的品质特性,并进行感官评价。结果表明：与干法 磨制相比,润米水分质量分数22%和26%的半干磨小米粉淀粉损伤程度低,平均粒径较小（P＜0.05）,表现出较 高的淀粉结晶性和较好的结构完整性,由其制备的面团吸水率高,稳定时间长（P＜0.05）。胶凝特性方面,润米 水分质量分数26%的半干磨小米粉在加热过程中吸水能力强,具有较好的溶胀能力（P＞0.05）,表现为峰值黏度 增加,而且对淀粉回生具有更大的抗性（P＜0.05）。此外,半干磨小米粉增强了小米面条中水分与其他组分的结 合能力,且使小米面条在质构上富有弹性、低黏性,有口劲,蒸煮损失小（P＜0.05）。偏最小二乘回归法分析表 明,小米磨制过程中造成的淀粉损伤水平比粒径大小对小米粉及其加工制品具有更为重要的影响。由于淀粉损伤程 度最低,润米水分质量分数26%的小米半干法磨制后可获得品质优良的小米粉与小米面条,这为小米的工业化深加 工提供了一种可行的磨制方法。     

糜子品种理化特性与体外抗氧化性研究

对39个粳性、糯性糜子品种的品质特性进行分析。结果表明,不同糜子品种的红绿值a*、粗脂肪、灰分、直链淀粉、溶解度、膨胀度、DPPH·清除率和糊化特性差异较大。糜子的平均淀粉含量73.91%,蛋白11.37%,粗脂肪4.02%,灰分0.55%,直链淀粉11.81%,支链淀粉62.10%;糜子的多酚、黄酮含量分别为8.20 mg/g、59.00 mg/100 g,对DPPH·和ABTS+·有一定的清除作用。糯性糜子较粳性糜子色泽鲜黄,具有较高的吸水性、溶解度和膨胀度。除破损值外,粳性糜子的各糊化指标值高于糯性糜子。聚类分析将糜子品种分为4类,可满足不同的加工需求。     

有机五色小米淀粉的精细结构、理化性质和消化性研究

目的 本研究通过从有机红谷小米、绿小米、白小米、金苗小米和黑小米中分别分离纯化制备得到有机五色小米淀粉。方法 利用现代分析仪器测定五色有机小米淀粉的形貌特征、结晶结构、功能特性和消化特性。利用体积排阻色谱分析法(Size exclusion chromatography,SEC)与荧光辅助毛细管电泳法(Fluorescence assisted capillary electrophoresis, FACE)测定五种有机小米的直链淀粉含量和支链淀粉的链长分布。构建有机五色小米淀粉精细结构与理化特性,功能特性和消化性之间的关联。结果 体外斜率对数法(Log of Slop,LOS)消化性结果表明,有机五色小米淀粉的最终消化率(C₁₂₀)差别并不明显,其中黑小米淀粉的C₁₂₀最低(72.23±4.97%),金苗小米淀粉的C₁₂₀最高(78.15±0.40%),其次依次为白小米>绿小米>红谷小米。有机五色小米淀粉中绿小米淀粉最易糊化,与自身支链淀粉的短链分布有关。有机黑小米淀粉糊化峰值温度最高,金苗小米次之,与其结晶度及直链淀粉含量有关。黑小米淀粉的峰值粘度最低,最难糊化,与支链淀粉的平均链长较长难断裂有关。有机五色小米淀粉结晶度整体差异不大,半结晶结构中红谷小米的松散程度最大。结论 研究不同品种有机小米淀粉的差异性,为人们科学饮食搭配及个性化营养提供重要参考价值。     

Characteristics of Starch Networks within Rice Flour Noodles and Mungbean Starch Vermicelli

Starchy networks within mungbean starch vermicelli and rice flour noodles are characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, mild acid hydrolysis, and gel permeation studies. In these products, native starch structures disappeared but new crystalline organizations were found. An amylopectin-based crystallinity was evident from its B-type diffraction pattern, melting endotherm at 50°C and high susceptibility towards mild acid hydrolysis. In addition, amylose-based structures were present either in the complexed form (V-type) in rice flour noodles, or in the retrograded form (B-type) in both pasta-like products. These latter crystallites were highly resistant towards mild acid hydrolysis and melted at high temperatures. Both glutenfree pasta-like products exhibited good cooking behavior which can be attributed to these amylose networks.     

Characteristics of Canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.) Starch

Canaryseed starches from three locations were isolated by an alkali steeping process and evaluated for their chemical, pasting and structural properties by amylograph, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray diffractometer and image analysis, in comparison with isolated wheat starch. The average yield of canaryseed starch was 50 ± 2.9g starch per 100g of groat with a mean extraction efficiency of 77%. The starch isolates contained from 93 to 97% starch with amylose contents ranging from 16 to 22%. Canaryseed starch was uniform in appearance, being small polygonal granules having an average diameter of 2.0 μm. The granules were stable when subjected to shear and heat effects as indicated by visco/amylograph response and SEM-photomicrographs. The transition temperatures (peak and conclusion) and enthalpy of gelatinization of canaryseed starch were higher than those of wheat starch. Canaryseed starch showed major peaks around d-spacings of 5.9, 5.2, 4.8 and 3.8 Å similar to wheat starch which are characteristics of an A-type starch. Canaryseed starch was also more susceptible to α-amylase hydrolysis and more soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide as compared with wheat starch. Based on its ease of extraction and functional properties, canaryseed starch could have potential for food and non-food uses.     

利用差示扫描量热仪研究小米淀粉及小米粉的糊化特性

采用差示扫描量热仪（differential scanning calorimeter,DSC）研究NaCl添加量、蔗糖添加量及pH值对小米淀粉和小米粉糊化特性的影响,并用SPSS软件进行相关性及显著性分析,将小米淀粉和小米粉的糊化特性进行对比。结果表明：相同测试条件下,小米淀粉的糊化温度（包括糊化起始温度T0、峰值温度Tp、糊化终止温度Tc）比小米粉糊化温度低（2.65±0.87） ℃;糊化热焓值（ΔH）比小米粉高（2.51±0.32） J/g;添加NaCl的小米淀粉及小米粉的糊化温度比添加蔗糖的糊化温度高（4.30±1.24） ℃。酸性条件抑制小米淀粉的糊化作用,碱的存在则促进体系糊化。     

酸解时间对大米淀粉结构性质的影响

以4种不同直链淀粉含量的大米淀粉(0%的优糯3号、10.90%的稻花灿、21.03%的聚两优、28.46%的华优香占)为原料,酸解处理不同时间,以酸解大米淀粉的酸解率、颗粒形貌、结晶性质、溶解度的变化为指标衡量不同酸解时间对大米淀粉结构及性质的影响。结果表明,不同直链淀粉含量的大米淀粉具有不同的耐酸性,酸解时间对不同直链淀粉含量大米淀粉的结构和性质有着不同的影响。大米淀粉酸解率与直链淀粉含量成反比,优糯3号为50%而华优香占仅为30%;所有淀粉颗粒在酸解后均产生一定程度的破碎,偏光十字变形直至消失,酸解相同时间,直链淀粉含量高的大米淀粉破碎率低;酸解未改变淀粉的晶型,仍为A晶型;随着酸解时间的延长相对结晶度增加;淀粉的溶解度随着酸解时间的增加而增大。     

Effects of rice properties and emulsifiers on the quality of rice pasta

Two commercial rice flours (GTIndica and GTJaponica, with amylose contents of 306.8 and 185.2 g kg^?1 respectively) and their blended flours were used to make rice pasta. The effects of two emulsifiers (distilled glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and a commercial emulsifier (KM3000)) on the pasting and thermal properties of dried rice pasta were investigated using a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The rice pasta made from high‐amylose rice flour had better extrusion properties, better texture, whiter colour, less cooking loss and better eating quality than that made from low‐amylose rice flour. The maximum amount of low‐amylose rice flour that could be blended in for making an acceptable quality of rice pasta was 500 g kg^?1. A soft texture, low adhesiveness and low gumminess of cooked rice pasta were obtained by adding 10 g kg^?1 GMS. SEM investigations showed that use of an emulsifier restricted the swelling of starch granules, especially for the pasta made from high‐amylose rice flour. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的精细结构、理化和消化特性研究

目的 探究冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的理化性质、结构特性和消化性的差异, 同时揭示不同级的冰湖野米淀粉的精细结构。方法 以3种不同级的冰湖野米和1种早籼米(对照组)为原料, 将其研磨过筛制备米粉样品, 再用焦亚硫酸钠法和甲苯法进行纯化得到对应的淀粉样品。采用体积排阻色谱分析法(Size exclusion chromatography, SEC)与荧光辅助毛细管电泳法(Fluorescence assisted capillary electrophoresis, FACE)测定冰湖野米淀粉的精细结构(直链淀粉和支链淀粉的链长分布); 利用扫描电镜、光学显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和布拉班徳粘度仪等现代分析仪器对冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的理化性质和结构特性进行测定; 采用Englyst体外消化法测定冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的体外消化性。结果 研究表明, 不同级的冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的颗粒形貌特征、粘度特性、结晶结构以及直链淀粉含量无显著差异。与早籼米相比, 冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的起糊温度高, 峰值粘度低, 相对结晶度低, 热稳定性好, 慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量高, 主要归因于冰湖野米的支链淀粉结构及其较高的直链淀粉含量。与冰湖野米淀粉相比, 冰湖野米粉颗粒更大, 结晶度降低, 膨胀度降低, 慢消化性增加, 主要归因于冰湖野米粉中较高的内源蛋白和纤维含量。结论 冰湖野米中的内源纤维、蛋白质、直链及支链淀粉含量对冰湖野米的粘度特性、膨胀度、结构特性以及消化性有显著的影响。