地源热泵技术讲座(二)热泵循环与热泵机组

1热泵循环 (1)逆卡诺循环 根据热力图上进行方向的不同,热力循环可分为正向循环和逆向循环.正向循环沿顺时针方向进行,热能从高温热源向低温热源传递的过程中对外做功,亦称为热机循环.逆向循环沿逆时针方向进行,通过消耗能量使热量从低温热源向高温热源传递.逆向循环可以用来制冷,也可以用来制热.用来制冷的逆向循环称为制冷循环,用来制热的逆向循环称为热泵循环.制冷循环关注的是从低温热源吸收的热量,即制冷量;热泵循环关注的是向高温热源放出的热量,即制热量.     

不可逆吸收式热泵循环的基本优化关系及性能分析

在恒温热源内可逆四热源吸收式热泵循环的基础上，建立了线性(牛顿)传热定律下考虑泵热空间到环境热源的热漏、工质的内部耗散以及工质与外部热源间的热阻损失的不可逆吸收式热泵循环模型。导出了总换热面积一定的条件下循环的泵热率和泵热系数的基本优化关系、最大泵热率和相应的泵热系数、最大泵热系数和相应的泵热率、以及循环中最佳工质工作温度和最佳换热面积分配关系；并通过数值算例分析了循环参数对循环最优性能的影响规律。     

不可逆卡诺热泵的有限时间热力学最优化

本文在考虑工质与热源间热阻损失的内可逆卡诺热泵模型基础上，用一常数项表示热源间的热漏，用一带系数项表示循环中除热阻和热漏外的其余所有不可逆性（如摩擦,涡流,非平衡等），建立了一个不可逆定常态能量转换卡诺热泵模型，并对此不可逆热泵模型进行有限时间热力学分析，导出了供热率和供热系数之间的优化关系。由此模型可准确描述各种不可逆性对热泵性能的影响，能对实际热泵的工作性能起到精确的指导作用．     

超高温热泵在废热回收中的应用

1热泵在废热回收中的优势热泵在运行过程中消耗的高位能较少,而所供给的热量是消耗的高位能与吸取的低位热量的总和,因此,采用热泵装置可以充分利用低品位废热能量而节约电、煤等高品位能源。而且热泵在利用低温废热制取高温热源的同时,在蒸发端进一步降低低温热源端的温度,对低温热源具有制冷的作用,所以对同时需要供冷和供热的场合,采用热泵装置将非常有效减少高品位能源的消耗。由热泵制热的能效比(COP值)计算公式:输入能量输入能量吸收能量输入能量输出能量+COP==     

辐射传热时有限热源多级连续卡诺热机系统的最大输出功

对高低温热源均为有限热源、工质与高温热源间辐射传热、工质与低温热源间线性传热的多级连续卡诺热机系统最大输出功的最优温度曲线进行了研究,利用最优控制理论和"伪线性传热"模型得出了其最优温度曲线为驱动流体温度随流速和过程时间成单调递减变化,求出了其最大输出功,并与低温热源为无限热源下的结果进行了比较.     

传热规律、热漏和内不可逆性对吸收式热泵循环性能的影响

建立了考虑泵热空间到环境热源的热漏、工质循环的内部不可逆性以及工质与热源之间传热Q∝△(T^a)服从传热规律时的不可逆四热源吸收式热泵循环模型,导出了循环泵热率和泵热系数的一般关系;并导出了线性唯象传热定律时循环泵热率和泵热系数的基本优化关系、性能极值、循环中工质的最佳工作温度和换热器传热面积的最佳分配关系;通过数值耸例分析了传热规律、热漏和内不可逆性对循环性能的影响规律,比较了传热面积最优分配前后循环的最优性能。     

回热器孔隙率对VM循环热泵性能的影响分析

孔隙率是表征回热器结构和效率的重要参数,影响整个系统的流动和传热特性。以热驱动斯特林循环的VM(Vuilleumier,维勒米尔)循环热泵为研究对象,建立了其内部回热器的模型,研究了在不同的热源温度、系统压力、转速、容积比和工质的情况下,孔隙率对整个热泵系统性能的影响。结果表明：随着孔隙率的增加,系统性能系数先增加后减小,在0.6左右达到最佳。在相同孔隙率的情况下,系统性能系数随着热源温度、系统平均压力、容积比、转速的增加而分别增大,并且增加的幅度是越来越小的。对于工质而言,氦气和氢气的性能较优,而氮气的性能较差。综合考虑安全等因素,宜选氦气作为工质。     

四温位吸收式热泵的热经济性能优化

基于一类不可逆四温住吸收式热泵模型,以单位成本的泵热率作为热经济学目标函数,导出了热经济学目标函数与泵热系数的优化关系.利用数值方法讨论内不可逆性、经济参数、外部热源温度对热泵热经济性能的影响.结论可为实际吸收式热泵的优化设计提供理论依据.     

热泵(一)

<正> 一、热泵的功用和原理我们都知道,热只能从高热源自动地往低热源传递,而不能自动地从低热源往高热源传递。这势必引起低温热越来越多。按照热力学第二定律,就是熵逐渐增大。如何将低温的热排入高温热源,这当然是个重要的课题。热泵     

一类有限热源多级连续卡诺热机系统的最大输出功

对高低温热源均为有限热源的多级连续卡诺热机系统最大输出功的最优温度曲线进行了研究,利用最优控制理论得出了其最优温度曲线为驱动流体温度随流速和过程时间成指数变化,求出了其最大输出功,并与低温热源为无限热源下的结果进行了比较。     

海上油气平台余热朗肯循环发电系统热力学分析

海上油气平台存在大量的燃气轮机余热。通过建立海上平台余热朗肯循环发电系统仿真模型,开展平台余热发电热力学及热经济性分析。选取工质泵功率、发电机输出功率、系统热效率、换热面积和单位面积发电量等参数作为优化目标,研究不同冷凝温度下优化目标函数随蒸发器烟气进出口温差的变化规律。结果表明:随着蒸发器烟气进出口温差的增加,工质泵功率、发电机输出功率和系统APR先增大后减小。冷凝温度越高,工质泵功率越大,发电机输出功率和系统热效率越小。当冷凝温度为65℃时,系统APR最大。受透平出口蒸汽干度的限制,所研究工况下,系统发电机最大输出功率为7 496 kW,系统最大热效率和APR分别为14.16%和5 kW·m~(-2)。研究结果可为撬装化、集成化海上油气平台余热发电系统研制提供理论参考。     

基于水蒸气工质新型压缩-吸收式热泵循环性能分析

针对常规热泵在工业余热利用领域应用温度范围受限的技术难题,该文对一种压缩-吸收式耦合热泵系统在大温升工况下制取约130 ℃热水或蒸汽开展研究。首先介绍耦合热泵循环的运行原理,构建耦合热泵的完整热力学模型,通过EES软件最优化函数计算发现吸收侧压力越低,循环性能系数（COP）越好,同时在溶液热交换器出口浓溶液温度高于结晶温度10 ℃及溶液放汽范围为5.0%~5.5%的约束条件下,以某工业余热回收工况为设计工况,其中余热热水进/出口温度为90/75 ℃,余热水流量为30 kg/s,高温热水进/出口温度为100/125 ℃,吸收与发生侧最优压力值分别为40和2.2 kPa,对应耦合热泵的COP为9.8。同理分析了不同余热热水出口温度及高温热水出口温度变化工况下系统的循环性能,验证了该循环在高制热温度下仍具有较好的性能系数。     

Dynamic Characteristics of a Free-Flow-Channel Heat Exchanger

The performance of sewage heat exchangers plays an important role in the sewage source heat pump systems when the sewage does not enter the heat pump unit directly, especially when untreated sewage is used as heat or cold source. In this article, a free-flow channel heat exchanger is proposed to be used in an untreated sewage source heat pump system. First the article designs the sizes of heat exchanger according to the real system requirements, and then it models and analyzes dynamic characteristics on the simulink platform. The transfer functions that are suitable for the heat exchanger are deduced. The analysis shows that the wall temperature is 9.1°C when the untreated sewage and water temperatures at the inlet are 15 and 7°C, respectively. The result is obtained when considering the temperature at the outlet is affected by the temperature at the inlet. The variable quantity of water temperature at the outlet is affected greatly by the variable quantity of water temperature at the inlet and the variable quantity of sewage temperature at the outlet by the variable quantity of sewage temperature at the inlet. Besides, the measured values of water temperatures at the inlet and outlet are also observed from the real system where the free-flow channel heat exchanger is adopted. The variable quantities of water temperature at the outlet are calculated according to the measured values, and are compared with the model results deduced by the transfer functions. The comparative result shows that the differences between the measured and model results of water temperature variable quantities at the outlet range from ?1 to 1°C, thus getting the water temperatures at the outlet according to the model results. The differences of the water temperature at the outlet between the measured values and the deduced results are from ?0.5 to 0.5°C. It illustrates the temperature at the outlet can be estimated by modeling the temperature variable quantity at the outlet.     

混合热阻条件下不可逆卡诺热泵的优化性能

研究了混合热阻条件下不可逆卡诺热泵的性能界限 ,导出了该热泵最佳泵热率与泵热系数的关系 ,揭示了不可逆因子对热泵的影响 ,指出了有限时间热力学理论对实际热泵的重要指导意义     

Performance investigation of the heat pump and power generation integration system

A novel heat pump and power generation integration system (HPPGIS) using solar energy as a low temperature heat source was presented in this study. This system could be operated in both an organic Rankine cycle power generation (ORC‐PG) mode and a reverse Carnot cycle heat pump (RCC‐HP) mode. Compared with a single heat pump and power generation system, this system improved the utilization efficiency of solar energy, thus showing potential for the generation of economic benefits. Contrastive analyses of different working fluids using ORC‐PG and RCC‐HP systems were conducted first, leading to the selection of R142b and R245fa as optimal fluids. Then, an experimental investigation of the system was carried out under different conditions. A heat pump and ORC system model was proposed and validated by comparing experimental and simulated values. The experimental results indicated that the HPPGIS had good feasibility and stability in both modes. In the ORC‐PG mode, HPPGIS had a power output of 1.29 kW and a thermal efficiency of 4.71% when the water inlet temperature of the evaporator was 90.03°C. In the RCC‐HP mode, HPPGIS had a COP of 3.16 and a heat capacity of 33.24 kW when the water outlet temperature of the condenser was 106.23°C.     

扰流空心翅片式微流道液冷板流动换热特性研究

液冷板冷却技术是解决高功率芯片热管理问题最有前途的技术之一,带翅片结构的液冷板具有低流阻、低热阻的优势,因而受到广泛关注。目前翅片结构多以实心为主,空心交错翅片对液冷板散热能力和压降等冷却特性的影响尚未得到系统的研究。对此,设计了空心交错翅片液冷板,采用数值模拟的方法研究进口温度和流量对液冷板流动换热特性的影响。模拟结果表明,空心翅片式液冷板具有良好的散热性能,随着进口温度的升高,液冷板温度不均匀性逐渐降低,但降低趋势有所减缓,而流量的增大对降低平均热阻有显著的作用,当进口流量超过1.2 L/min时,液冷板的平均热阻可低于0.04℃/W;然而,流量的增大也提高了流动阻力,当流量增大至1.7 L/min时,流体出口区域形成涡旋,产生回流区,不利于液冷板的散热效果,且流动阻力增大。     

A critical approach to the determination of optimal heat rejection pressure in transcritical systems

In this paper the optimal energy efficiency and high cycle pressure problem in single-stage refrigerating carbon dioxide vapour compressor units operating in transcritical conditions is addressed. Literature approximated solutions to the optimisation problem are analysed and critically discussed. A numerical model for CO₂ heat exchangers and refrigerant systems is developed. Different gas coolers are simulated in order to investigate the effect of literature simplifying assumptions on the optimal pressure determination: the analysis showed a strong sensitivity of the gas cooler outlet temperature from the secondary fluid temperature, from its capacity rate and from the heat exchanger geometry. Nevertheless it resulted that approximated solutions obtained considering the carbon dioxide gas cooler outlet temperature as an independent variable behaved better than solutions correlating it to secondary fluid inlet temperature.A commercial refrigeration plant and a heat pump water heater were finally simulated to verify their energy performances when applying literature approximated solutions in presence of an on-board compressor capacity and supply water temperature control respectively. While in the case of the commercial refrigeration plant no major penalisation resulted from the literature approximated solutions simplifying assumptions, the heat pump performance was strongly deteriorated, up to ?30%, as a consequence of the huge variation in the water capacity flow rate resulting from the water temperature control.It was finally concluded that an approximated correlation should be critically evaluated before implementation; a real-time algorithm for determining the optimal (or quasi-optimal) pressure value could provide a more efficient and robust solution.     

连续螺旋折流板管壳式换热器动态特性研究及预测

建立了可进行壳管式换热器动态特性试验研究系统,通过试验研究的方法对水-油为换热工质的连续螺旋折流板管壳式换热器动态特性进行了试验研究,进口流量扰动为等百分比流量特性,研究了4种流量扰动方式下水和油出口温度的动态响应。同时研究了在一定Re数下,不同的流体扰动量对换热器进出口温升的影响,得到了换热器进出口温升与流体扰动量之间的关联式。实验表明,液液换热系统温度的动态响应时间比较长,研究发现在正负的流量扰动下,换热器进出口温度变化呈现线性变化,进出口温升在正负流量扰动下其变化曲线具有对称特征。分别建立了有限差分数值预测模型及人工神经网络模型对换热器油侧的出口温度进行了动态预测,预测结果与试验值符合良好,人工神经网络的预测结果要好于数值模拟预测,其偏差绝对值在1.3%以内,表明人工神经网络在进行复杂的系统辨识时具有一定的参考及应用价值。     

CO2跨临界循环地源热泵的研究

给出了CO2跨临界循环地源热泵的系统流程，并在考虑输气系数和绝热效率的基础上，与R22和R134a等进行了循环性能比较。结果表明，用于需要较高供水温度的空调系统或热水供应系统时，CO2可具有和常规工质相当的性能。同时对于一特定的CO2地源热泵，分析了在热水流量和热水温度变化时的运行特性，并讨论了CO2地源热泵容量调节的方法。     

Thermal Characteristics of Paraffin Wax for Solar Energy Storage

A thermal energy storage medium must meet the requirements of a stable storage material with high heat capacity. Heat storage based on the sensible heating of media such as water, rock, and earth represents the first generation of solar energy storage subsystems and technology for their utilization is well developed. However, recently the heat storage based on the latent heat associated with a change in phase of a material offers many advantages over sensible heat storage. The most important characteristic of such a subsystem is its sufficient storage capacity. The PCM (phase change material) behavior is visualized by constructing an idealized model thermal capacitor subjected to simulated solar system environmental conditions which include thermal cycling utilizing the latent heat of paraffin for heating and cooling. The proposed model of the capacitor is of a flat plate geometry consisting of two panel compartments forming the body of the capacitor containing the paraffin, leaving at their inner surfaces a thin passage allowing the water flow. The whole structure is assumed to be insulated to minimize heat loss. Analysis solution is used to generate data about the temperature distribution, the melt thickness, and the heat stored in the PCM under two conditions of: (a) constant mass flow rate tests for various water inlet temperatures, and (b) constant water inlet temperature for various mass flow rates. A FORTRAN computer program is constructed to perform the analysis. It is found that water outlet temperature increases with time until it becomes nearly equal to the inlet temperature. Increasing the mass flow rate for a given inlet temperature, decreases the time required for outlet temperature to reach a given value. Increasing inlet temperature for a given mass flow rate gives a very rapid decrease in the time required for the outlet water temperature to reach a given value. Instantaneous rate of heat storage is determined from the inlet-to-exit temperature differential and measured flow rate. This rate is then integrated numerically to determine the cumulative total energy stored as a function of time. It is found that the instantaneous rate of heat storage decreases till reaching a nearly constant value. The total or cumulative heat storage as a function of time, showed a nearly linear trend in the mid-range time, and it increased with increasing inlet temperature.