环保型CO2热泵系统的理论分析与性能测试

由于CFCs和HCFCs等人工合成制冷剂对环境产生不利影响,CO2作为自然工质得到了日益重视.CO2的临界温度为31℃,一般采用跨临界循环方式,但其循环性能低于合成工质.对跨临界CO2热泵系统性能进行的热力学分析和实验测试表明:当气体冷却器出口温度一定时,跨临界CO2热泵循环存在一个最优运行压力;在相同工况下,随着蒸发温度的升高,系统的性能系数逐渐增大:气体冷却器出口温度越低,整个系统运行的效率越高.因此,在跨临界CO2热泵系统设计和运行过程中,应综合考虑蒸发温度、气体冷却器出口温度以及运行压力的影响,使系统性能最优.     

不可逆吸收式热泵循环的基本优化关系及性能分析

在恒温热源内可逆四热源吸收式热泵循环的基础上，建立了线性(牛顿)传热定律下考虑泵热空间到环境热源的热漏、工质的内部耗散以及工质与外部热源间的热阻损失的不可逆吸收式热泵循环模型。导出了总换热面积一定的条件下循环的泵热率和泵热系数的基本优化关系、最大泵热率和相应的泵热系数、最大泵热系数和相应的泵热率、以及循环中最佳工质工作温度和最佳换热面积分配关系；并通过数值算例分析了循环参数对循环最优性能的影响规律。     

溴化锂吸收式热泵的动态建模及运行特性分析

为充分挖掘吸收式热泵的动态运行特性,考虑各部件存量工质的储热特性建立考虑传质和分布参数的溴化锂吸收式热泵动态仿真模型。在机组各设备存量工质质量不同的情况下,分析了热源工质进口温度的提升对冷却水和冷媒水出口温度的动态影响及系统的热惯性特征,同时在热源工质进口、冷却水进口和冷媒水进口温度变化的情况下,分析了系统的性能系数(Coefficient of Performance, COP)变化特性及结晶风险变化特性。结果表明：该模型能准确地模拟吸收式热泵的稳态特性和动态特性;机组的热惯性主要与机组内各设备中的存量溶液质量有关;热源工质入口温度的上限受到系统COP及结晶风险的双重影响;冷却水入口温度的下降可增大系统COP,其下限受到结晶风险的限制;冷媒水入口温度的上限不受结晶特性限制;主要受用户侧的用能需求限制。     

传热规律、热漏和内不可逆性对吸收式热泵循环性能的影响

建立了考虑泵热空间到环境热源的热漏、工质循环的内部不可逆性以及工质与热源之间传热Q∝△(T^a)服从传热规律时的不可逆四热源吸收式热泵循环模型,导出了循环泵热率和泵热系数的一般关系;并导出了线性唯象传热定律时循环泵热率和泵热系数的基本优化关系、性能极值、循环中工质的最佳工作温度和换热器传热面积的最佳分配关系;通过数值耸例分析了传热规律、热漏和内不可逆性对循环性能的影响规律,比较了传热面积最优分配前后循环的最优性能。     

膨胀器对车用余热回收系统性能影响的试验

以R123作为车用有机朗肯循环余热回收系统的循环工质,采用086和106两种型号的涡旋式膨胀器作为余热回收系统膨胀做功机械开展试验.结果表明:随着系统热源温度的提高,两种型号膨胀器对应系统的循环流量均向大流量区域流动,系统输出功率随之增大.在热源恒定的情况下,系统输出功率随着循环流量的增加先增大后逐渐趋于平稳.保持系统循环流量恒定,两种型号膨胀器对应的系统随着负荷的逐渐增大,膨胀器转速逐渐降低,系统输出功率逐渐增大.同时系统转速与输出功率曲线随着系统热源温度的增大逐渐向高速、高功率区域平移.在相同热源温度以及相同循环工质流量的条件下,随着烟气流量的增大,系统输出功率先增大后趋于平稳.     

用于高温热泵蒸汽系统的几种工质的循环性能

建立了高温热泵蒸汽系统的热力学模型。在蒸发温度为60℃,冷凝温度为120~140℃的工况下,进行经过初步筛选的4种高温热泵纯工质(R123,R141b,R245ca,R245fa)和传统高温热泵工质(R114)的循环性能对比研究。结果表明:R245fa的综合循环性能良好,单位容积制热量最高,其性能系数(COP)比R114平均高13.65%,压缩比与R114最接近;在符合干压缩要求的前提下,排气温度较低,而且环境友好,可作为高温热泵蒸汽系统的工质。     

集成吸收式热泵的超临界CO_2循环聚光太阳能热发电系统

通过研究超临界CO_2工质的特性和循环的特点,提出集成第一类溴化锂吸收式热泵的简单回热循环系统。吸收式热泵驱动热源的温度远低于超临界CO_2循环主加热器热源的温度,可采用较低成本的低聚光比集热器,从而降低聚光集热系统的造价。吸收式热泵的设备成本较高,但其作用十分明显,除冷端优化外,其良好的变工况变负荷性能有利于提高系统在部分负荷工况下的发电效率。集成吸收式热泵的超临界CO_2循环聚光太阳能热发电系统从降低聚光集热系统造价和提高系统发电效率两方面进行设计,有利于提高系统整体的性价比。     

有限热源影响下VM循环热泵的热力学分析

对于低温余热,VM循环热泵是一种高效节能的利用途径.文中采用有限时间热力学方法,推导了基于牛顿线性导热定律的内可逆VM循环热泵泵热率的表达式.分析表明:采用VM循环热泵用于地板辐射采暖时,随着有限高温热源的入口温度和有限低温热源进口温度的增加,泵热率将增大;而随着有限高温热源的出口温度和有限低温热源出口温度的增加,泵热率将减小.并且低温有限热源温度的变化对泵热率的影响远大于高温有限热源温度的变化.     

低品位热能超临界有机朗肯循环发电特性分析

利用超临界有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电系统回收温度低于150℃的低品位热能,对超临界工况的3个关键问题:工质选择、加热过程和系统性能进行了分析.结果表明:对于适合超临界ORC发电系统的工质,临界温度相对较高的工质的系统循环热效率较高,膨胀机入口压力和冷凝压力较低,临界温度相对较低的工质的循环热效率较低,但能量利用率较高,膨胀机入口压力和冷凝压力较高;超临界加热器中较高的换热压力和较低的膨胀机入口温度能使热源与工质有更好的热匹配;在热源进口温度和最小换热温差的限制下,存在最佳膨胀机入口温度和膨胀机入口压力,使得系统循环热效率最高.     

ORC发电系统变热源温度实验研究

为研究有机朗肯循环(ORC)热源温度变化引起的循环热效率、(火用)效率、发电效率等性能的变化情况,搭建以R245fa为循环工质的ORC发电系统实验平台。实验结果表明:热源温度的提高使循环蒸发压力、冷凝压力升高,膨胀机入口温度、压力升高,膨胀比增大,等熵效率提升,膨胀做功能力增强,系统循环热效率、(火用)效率、发电效率均增大;在冷源温度为12℃,工质流量保持恒定的情况下,热源温度从87.5℃上升至108.1℃时,循环热效率由4.1%提升到7.1%,系统(火用)效率由17.2%提升到30.0%,系统发电效率由4.1%提升到7.3%。     

Performance analysis of a closed regenerated Brayton heat pump with internal irreversibilities

This paper analyses the performance of a real heat pump plant via methods of entropy generation minimization or finite‐time thermodynamics. The analytical relations between heating load and pressure ratio, and between coefficient of performance (COP) and pressure ratio of real closed regenerated Brayton heat pump cycles coupled to constant‐ and variable‐temperature heat reservoirs are derived. In the analysis, the irreversibilities include heat transfer‐irreversible losses in the hot‐ and cold‐side heat exchangers and the regenerator, the non‐isentropic expansion and compression losses in the compressor and expander, and the pressure drop loss in the pipe and system. The optimal performance characteristics of the cycle may be obtained by optimizing the distribution of heat conductances or heat transfer surface areas among the two heat exchangers and the regenerator, and the matching between working fluid and the heat reservoirs. The influence of the effectiveness of regenerator, the effectiveness of hot‐ and cold‐side heat exchangers, the efficiencies of the expander and compressor, the pressure recovery coefficient and the temperature of the heat reservoirs on the heating load and COP of the cycle are illustrated by numerical examples. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a beta-type Stirling heat pump with rhombic drive mechanism by a modified non-ideal adiabatic model

In this paper, a thermodynamic model is developed for predicting the performance of a beta-type Stirling heat pump with rhombic drive mechanism for water heater and the model is validated by a 1-kW class prototype Stirling heat pump. In the present model, the working space is divided into expansion space, heat absorber, regenerator, heat rejecter and compression space. The pressure, mass and temperature variations of working fluid in each working space are predicted. The temperature variation of wall boundary is also taken into consideration. The temperature of working fluid in each working space and the temperature of wall boundary are obtained by solving energy equations simultaneously. Eventually, the pressure of working fluid in each working space can be corrected by using empirical formula of pressure drop. All the thermal properties of working fluid and wall boundary in each working space at each time step can be obtained by repeating the above process. Then, the performance of heat pump such as absorbing heat, rejecting heat, indicated power and COP can be calculated. A series of experimental measurements and comparisons are also conducted for validating present model. The results show that the prototype heat pump can produce 904 W heating power and 38°C hot water under 1 LPM water flow rate with 5 bar helium at 1000 rpm.     

新型回热器结构设计及换热特性研究

回热器作为斯特林热机的关键部件,对于太阳能斯特林热机整机性能有着重要影响。为克服传统金属丝网回热器结构存在的填料单一,制造成本较高,工艺复杂问题,采用实用等温分析法,以回热器的长径比、通流面积、填料种类以及孔隙率各项回热器参数为基础,设计了一种新型斯特林热机回热器,该回热器具有轴向压降小,换热性能高,结构稳定,加工制造简单的特点。开展了新型回热器和传统金属丝网回热器的换热性能对比研究,采用振荡条件下的局部热平衡方法研究回热器的传热过程,对比传统金属丝网回热器和新型回热器的温度变化,速度变化以及压力变化。结果表明:在整体孔隙率相同的条件下,新型回热器和传统金属丝网回热器相比,整体启动速率相似,但新型回热器压降减少0.04 MPa,速度出现分段式变化,有利于回热器的换热和结构稳定。因此,新型回热器不但在结构上优于传统金属丝网回热器,在换热特性上也优于传统金属丝网回热器。     

有出口温度限制的热源亚临界有机朗肯循环最佳回热度定量准则的研究

我国的余热资源和可再生能源丰富,但部分余热资源和可再生能源分布比较分散,并存在温度和能量密度均较低的问题。基于传统能源转化技术,利用温度较低的余热资源和能量密度较低的可再生能源进行发电,会降低余热资源和可再生能源的热功转换效率。有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统可以有效利用低温热能进行发电。对于不同温度和形式的热源,采用合适的工质和循环工况,可以提高ORC系统的发电效率。有出口温度限制的热源是一种较为常见的热源形式,在ORC系统中增加回热装置可能会进一步提高热力循环对该类热源的利用效率。因此,文章针对有温度出口限制的热源,建立了亚临界ORC计算分析模型,选取了干流体和等熵流体作为循环工质,以热源回收?效率作为ORC系统的循环性能评价指标,系统地比较了不同回热度条件下ORC系统的循环性能。文章系统地分析了回热流程对ORC系统循环性能的影响规律,并将计算结果进行理论关联,首次建立了依据冷源和热源条件直接选取最佳回热度的定量准则。     

换热器压降对ORC发电系统的影响

在考虑换热器压降及散热损失的情况下建立中低温地热驱动的有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电系统模型并通过500 kW示范工程进行验证。模型选取5种有机工质,研究换热器压降在不同热源温度、蒸发温度和冷凝温度下对系统性能的影响。研究结果表明随着热源温度以及蒸发温度的升高,压降对系统净发电量以及净发电效率的影响逐渐降低,但随着冷凝温度的升高,压降对系统净发电量的影响逐渐升高。其中,采用R227ea的系统受换热器压降影响最小,采用R123的系统受影响最大。     

Key parameters effects and design on performances of hydrogen/helium heat exchanger for SABRE

Hydrogen/helium heat exchanger is a kind of heat exchanger dedicated to SABRE (Synergetic Air-breathing and Rocket Engine). Its special working environment and operating condition have brought a great challenge to its design. Hydrogen/helium heat exchanger with micro-channel/plate heat exchanger as its configuration is taken as the research object in this paper. Mathematical model of the heat exchanger is set up based on logarithmic mean temperature difference method, and the parameters that affect the heat transfer performance of heat exchanger is analyzed. The results showed that, reducing the thickness of fin or plate can help reduce the pressure loss of working fluids, the length and weight of hydrogen/helium heat exchanger. Reducing the width of micro-channel can reduce the length of heat exchanger and increase the height of heat exchanger. Reducing the height of micro-channel can reduce the length and height of heat exchanger. As a whole, the pressure loss of working fluids shows a trend of decreasing at first and then rising with the height or width of micro-channel rising. The pressure loss of helium is much greater than that of hydrogen, which means the pressure loss of helium is more sensitive to geometric parameters of heat exchanger and should be well controlled. In order to gain the best performance of the heat exchanger, the geometric parameters of heat exchanger is designed by Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm.     

跨临界-亚临界复叠式有机朗肯循环性能分析

热源温度高于473.15 K时,复叠式有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)可避免高温下工质热分解、膨胀比过大等缺点,相对单级ORC更具优势。跨临界循环相较常规亚临界具有更高的吸热压力及更好的热源匹配性,其与复叠式ORC耦合有望获得更优的热力性能。因此,构建了跨临界-亚临界复叠式ORC(TSORC),以473.15~573.15 K工业烟气为热源,针对5组工质,探究了吸热压力、冷凝压力对系统热力性能的影响,优化系统参数以获得最大净输出功;并与常规亚临界-亚临界复叠式ORC(SSORC)进行对比。结果表明:TSORC相对SSORC可有效增大系统净输出功,最多可提高23.9%;但当热源温度低于"等值热源温度"时,SSORC的输出功反而更大;以R1233zd-R1234ze(E)为工质的TSORC具有最大净输出功。     

Experimental research on geothermal heat pump system with non-azeotropic working fluids

The subject of the paper is how to solve the problem of heating in some areas and making the best of geothermal waste water through heat pump. Now the biggest barrier is to find proper working fluids, which can work in the condition of 80–100 °C as condensation temperature and 25–35 °C as evaporation temperature, and at the same time keep the highest pressure in the system under 2500 kPa. Experimental results show that new working fluids R123/R290 (50/50 by mass %) and R123/R290/R600a (40/50/10 by mass %) will meet the requirement of the new working condition. The coefficient of performance of the geothermal heat pump system using the working fluids is above 3.0 with condensation temperature above 80 °C and condensation pressures below 2500 kPa. In the end of the paper, some improvements are proposed for the purpose of better performance. In the paper, the thermodynamic properties of mixtures are calculated with REFPROP 6.1.     

Exergy analysis of micro-organic Rankine power cycles for a small scale solar driven reverse osmosis desalination system

Exergy analysis of micro-organic Rankine heat engines is performed to identify the most suitable engine for driving a small scale reverse osmosis desalination system. Three modified engines derived from simple Rankine engine using regeneration (incorporation of regenerator or feedliquid heaters) are analyzed through a novel approach, called exergy-topological method based on the combination of exergy flow graphs, exergy loss graphs, and thermoeconomic graphs. For the investigations, three working fluids are considered: R134a, R245fa and R600. The incorporated devices produce different results with different fluids. Exergy destruction throughout the systems operating with R134a was quantified and illustrated using exergy diagrams. The sites with greater exergy destruction include turbine, evaporator and feedliquid heaters. The most critical components include evaporator, turbine and mixing units. A regenerative heat exchanger has positive effects only when the engine operates with dry fluids; feedliquid heaters improve the degree of thermodynamic perfection of the system but lead to loss in exergetic efficiency. Although, different modifications produce better energy conversion and less exergy destroyed, the improvements are not significant enough and subsequent modifications of the simple Rankine engine cannot be considered as economically profitable for heat source temperature below 100 °C. As illustration, a regenerator increases the system’s energy efficiency by 7%, the degree of thermodynamic perfection by 3.5% while the exergetic efficiency is unchanged in comparison with the simple Rankine cycle, with R600 as working fluid. The impacts of heat source temperature and pinch point temperature difference on engine’s performance are also examined. Finally, results demonstrate that energy analysis combined with the mathematical graph theory is a powerful tool in performance assessments of Rankine based power systems and permits meaningful comparison of different regenerative effects based on their contribution to systems improvements.     

Comparison of methanol-based working fluid combinations for a bubble pump-operated vapour absorption refrigerator

Miniaturization of an alcohol-based absorption refrigerator requires an air-cooled absorber and condenser and the replacement of customary solution pumps by the bubble pump. Evaluation of such a refrigerator requires thermodynamic (specific heat and heat of mixing) and thermophysical (vapour pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension and solubility) properties of refrigerant–absorbent solution. These property correlations for five alcohol-based working combinations, majority of them obtained by curve fitting, have been complied and presented in this paper along with their validity ranges and percentage of error. The working fluids have been analyzed and compared with reference to the solution density governing the hydrostatic height, viscosity and specific heat affecting the heat and mass transfer and solubility to avoid crystallization. Further the variations of performance parameters like cut-off temperature, circulation ratio, coefficient of performance and efficiency ratio of these working fluids with respect to various operating conditions are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.