塔东热液地质作用机制及对储层的改造意义

塔东地区断裂发育，早期发育的断裂与晚期断裂之间存在相互改造、叠加、复合的过程，深大断裂沟通多套地层，断裂活动期形成的挤压破碎带和断裂裂缝带作为岩浆热液上升通道，为热液溶蚀作用改造储层提供了有利条件，因此，识别出热液期次对塔东白云岩储层成因机制具有重要意义。通过对钻井岩芯、岩屑及岩石薄片、铸体薄片观察鉴定分析，在区内下古生界碳酸盐岩中识别和发现了钠长石化作用和自生羽毛状伊利石沉淀，也是塔里木盆地内的首次发现，并通过对包裹体均一温度，碳氧同位素等地化特征研究，揭示其成岩流体源于岩浆热液，丰富了区内热液作用的矿物学标志，进一步识别出区内存在3期热液作用，通过对3期热液作用的机制及其储渗空间意义的研究，总结出第I期热液作用对于储层形成意义不大，第Ⅱ期热液作用主要发育在局限的沉积环境，第Ⅲ期热液溶蚀形成溶蚀缝孔洞，与天然气运移聚集匹配良好，构成了区内天然气聚集成藏的主要储渗空间。     

塔东地区寒武系碳酸盐岩成岩作用及储层成因机理

通过岩心观察和薄片鉴定,结合阴极发光实验等方法,研究塔东地区寒武系碳酸盐岩成岩作用及储层形成机理。结果表明:研究区寒武系碳酸盐岩沉积后经历了多种成岩作用的改造,既有对储层孔隙发育具有建设性的(白云化作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用等),又有破坏性的(压实作用、压溶作用、重结晶作用、硅化作用、黄铁矿化作用等)。储层储集空间主要有晶间孔和晶间溶孔、溶蚀孔洞和未充填裂缝空间;储层类型主要有白云岩溶蚀孔隙型和白云岩溶蚀缝孔洞型两类。白云化作用为储层发育提供了基础条件;后期热液溶蚀作用对于储层发育起关键性作用;晚期由于构造破裂作用对于改善储层的储渗性能具有重要意义。白云岩较为发育的斜坡和台地相区与断裂的叠合区域,热液溶蚀和构造破裂更加发育,是研究区寒武系碳酸盐岩优质储层发育的有利区带。     

延安地区马家沟组风化壳型储层孔隙结构及分类评价

风化壳型储层是延安地区重要的储层类型之一,孔、洞、缝是下古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层较常见的储渗空间。基于对鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区风化壳型储层的实例研究,通过岩心描述、扫描电镜、薄片观察、压汞测试及测井分析等手段,结合区域地质资料分析,借鉴鄂尔多斯盆地内相邻气田风化壳型储层的相关研究成果,对延安地区奥陶系风化壳储层岩性特征、孔隙微观结构进行研究,在此基础上开展储层分类与评价。研究表明研究区马五4-马五1亚段的碳酸盐岩经历了沉积成岩-裸露风化-沉积充填-溶蚀改造-埋藏溶蚀等多期地质作用形成了多种孔渗空间,既有原生孔隙,也有次生孔隙。研究区储层的孔渗空间主要为准同生期的晶间孔、表生期及埋藏期的次生孔隙、扩容缝;由于孔渗空间的复杂性,选取孔隙度、渗透率、最大进汞饱和度、门槛压力、分选系数等参数,将储层分为4类,结果表明储层以中低孔、特低渗储层为主。风化壳储层的细分对延安地区下古生界碳酸盐岩天然气勘探具有重要的指导作用。     

靖边气田碳酸盐岩储层沉积-成岩演化模式

 靖边气田主产层次生溶蚀孔洞缝成层连片发育,孔洞缝分布受沉积相和成岩作用双重控制。本文结合98口井岩心观察、1000余块薄片鉴定及多种化验测试资料对储层沉积相、成岩作用进行了系统研究,探讨了储层沉积-成岩演化模式及其对孔洞缝储层发育的控制作用。结果表明,靖边气田储层为蒸发潮坪沉积,并可细分为潮上带泥云坪、膏岩洼地、含膏云坪;潮间带含藻云坪、泥云坪、颗粒滩、潮下带灰坪7种沉积微相;储层埋藏主要经历了白云化、溶解、充填、破裂、交代、压实-压溶、角砾化和重结晶8种成岩作用;储层沉积-成岩演化总体分为沉积同生期、近地表浅埋藏期、抬升风化期和后埋藏期4个阶段;马五1 1 ~马五13 、马五4 1a高孔渗段的形成主要受沉积同生期和抬升风化期溶解作用及含膏云坪、含藻云坪和颗粒滩微相控制,而马五3 2~马五3 3、马五4 1b~马五4 3b、马五5低孔渗段的形成主要受泥云坪、膏岩洼地和灰坪微相控制。     

塔河油田4区岩溶缝洞型储层及其控制因素*

塔河油田4区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层以溶洞、溶孔和裂缝为主,溶洞是最有效的储集体,裂缝次之。基质孔渗性极差,难以构成有效的储集空间。受海西早期构造运动的影响,研究区发育北北东、北北西以及北东向3个方向的裂缝。综合岩芯岩溶特征描述、电子探针元素分析以及同位素分析等方面的研究,发现研究区发育4期岩溶作用,其中加里东中晚期与海西早期的岩溶作用对研究区溶洞的形成起到了重要的控制作用。岩溶地貌控制了缝洞型储集体的分布,处在不同岩溶相带的古水系对缝洞体形态产生影响,断裂及其伴生裂缝增加了地表水及地下水与碳酸盐岩的接触面积和溶蚀范围,使得研究区内放空漏失井90%集中在断裂带附近,断裂带是裂缝与岩溶发育的密集带。     

南堡滩海潜山油藏储集空间类型厘定

根据钻井、测井、录井、岩心描述和化验分析资料,认识到潜山储层主要发育在深水碳酸盐岩开阔台地、局限台地环境,岩性单一,以泥晶灰岩为主.由于缺乏抗压的颗粒组分,压实甚至压溶导致原始粒间孔隙损失殆尽.后期破裂作用和古岩溶作用对储层孔隙发育起决定性作用,形成以裂缝+溶蚀孔洞为主的储集空间.荧光薄片含油显示特征、泥浆漏失、钻井放空、岩心与成像缝洞显示进一步表明有效储集空间主要为裂缝与溶蚀孔洞.相比之下,白云石化作用程度有限,其形成的晶间孔隙仅占次要地位.潜山油井普遍高产、稳产,是裂缝与溶蚀孔洞型储集空间的间接表现.     

塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组同生喀斯特储层成因分析

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、孔渗测定以及地球化学测试,分析了塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩储层的基本特征及成因.良里塔格组储层主要发育于碳酸盐岩台地边缘的滩相颗粒灰岩中,储集空间类型主要包括粒内溶孔、铸模孔、非组构选择性溶孔、溶洞以及构造缝,属于低孔低渗储层类型.根据铸体薄片、成岩组构特征以及微量元素和碳氧同位素的综合分析,认为这些次生溶蚀孔洞的形成主要与同生喀斯特作用的改造密切相关,台缘滩相颗粒灰岩中的大气水透镜体为储层发育的有利位置.     

济阳坳陷四扣洼陷湖相碳酸盐岩岩溶储层特征及其发育模型

综合利用岩心、薄片、测井、地震等资料,研究四扣洼陷古近系沙河街组四段上亚段湖相碳酸盐岩岩溶作用的类型、特征及其对孔隙分布的控制作用。结果表明:四扣洼陷湖相碳酸盐岩储层经历了同生期、早期近地表、表生期和埋藏期岩溶作用。在礁滩体沉积期,大气淡水选择性溶蚀碳酸盐岩中的不稳定组分形成大量的粒内溶孔和铸模孔;随着湖平面的下降,早期弱固结的礁滩体经历了早成岩近地表岩溶作用,形成大量溶蚀缝、洞,原始结构被破坏,并伴有大量的植物根茎及生物;沙四段沉积期后发育的表生岩溶作用平面影响范围大,岩溶储层主要分布于不整合面之下10 m的深度范围内,单个溶洞由顶部垂直溶蚀带、内部充填角砾岩带和底部弱溶蚀带组成;埋藏岩溶作用主要与有机酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩矿物有关,形成了大量的"蜂窝状"和"针孔状"孔隙。多期溶蚀作用是湖相碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的关键,由岸向湖方向,依次发育表生期岩溶储层—同生期和近地表岩溶储层—复合岩溶储层—埋藏岩溶储层。     

自贡地区嘉陵江组台内滩储层特征与主控因素

针对陆表海台内浅滩单滩体规模小、储层厚度薄、非均质性强、平面分布具随机性、地震预测难度大等问题,以四川盆地自贡地区下三叠统嘉陵江组为例,采用岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、物性分析、压汞及测井等多种资料,开展了陆表海台内浅滩型储层基本特征及储层发育主控因素研究,认为陆表海台内浅滩型储层岩性、储集空间类型、孔喉结构及孔渗关系等均存在较大差异,储层非均质性强。指出了台内浅滩型储层为典型的相控型储层,储层发育受多因素联合控制,其中海平面多旋回的震荡变化决定了台内滩单个储集体厚度小、纵向上多期叠置的分布样式,而台地内部次一级微地貌差异决定了台内滩型储层在早期就具有较强的平面非均质性,同生期岩溶作用是台内浅滩型储层主要的溶蚀作用类型,云化作用极大地改善了储层储渗性能,构造破裂及埋藏溶蚀作用进一步优化了储层质量。     

三塘湖盆地卡拉岗组火山岩储层成岩作用*

通过岩芯宏观观察、显微镜下铸体薄片精细观察,讨论了三塘湖盆地卡拉岗组火山岩储层的岩性岩相特征、储集空间发育特征及成岩作用特征,分析了成岩作用类型与孔洞形成机制。结合火山岩岩石化学分析,并依据火山岩成岩变化特征和过程与火山岩储层储集空间形成的相互关系,将三塘湖盆地石炭系火山岩成岩作用归纳为9种类型、4个成岩期或阶段。冷凝结晶固结成岩作用期和埋藏-热液成岩作用期沸石类杏仁体和充填缝是风化壳储层形成的关键物质基础,早期和晚期表生成岩作用期在各类缝的沟通系统内易溶组分的强烈溶蚀作用是风化壳储层形成的关键作用,并由此形成喷发间期风化壳储层和区域构造抬升剥蚀风化壳储层两类风化壳储层。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.