生物柴油碳烟特性的可视化研究

在1台光学可视化发动机上,采用高速摄影法,对不同掺混比例的柴油/生物柴油混合燃料进行研究,获取缸内燃烧火焰图像,通过双色法得到表征缸内碳烟总体分布的KL因子,分析了生物柴油对缸内燃烧过程和碳烟生成特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着生物柴油掺入比例的增加,最高燃烧压力逐渐降低,滞燃期相对延长,燃烧持续期缩短,火焰的亮度和分布面积都随之下降.KL因子的最高浓度降低,碳烟较浓的分布区域减小,碳烟的氧化进程加快.     

柴油机缸内火焰辐射传热新模型

柴油机缸机的火焰辐射受诸多因素的影响,用理论分析法来确定它是相当困难的,由于柴油机缸内火焰辐射特性依赖于缸内的燃烧过程,而燃烧过程中的实际热力状态又可用示功图来分析,因此借助于火焰辐射与缸内热力参数之间的这种间接关系,建立了一种计算柴油机缸内火焰辐射传热的新模型,利用该模型对一台直喷柴油机缸内火焰辐射热流量随曲轴转角的变化情况进行了计算,将计算结果与实测结果进行了比较,表明该模型能较好预测缸内火焰     

Simulating low temperature diesel combustion with improved spray models

Current spray models based on the Lagrangian-droplet and Eulerian-fluid (LDEF) method in the KIVA-3V code are strongly mesh dependent due to errors in predicting the droplet–gas relative velocity and errors in describing droplet–droplet collision and coalescence processes. To reduce the mesh dependence, gas-jet theory is introduced to predict the droplet–gas relative velocity, and a radius of influence (ROI) of collision methodology is established for each gas phase cell to estimate the collision probability for each parcel in the cell. Spray and combustion processes in a low temperature combustion diesel engine under early and late injection strategies with a fine mesh were predicted using the conventional LDEF model and compared with the measurements of soot, OH, fuel liquid and vapor distributions obtained by laser based diagnostics including, PLIF, LII, and Mie scattering. Then, the KIVA-3V code implemented with the improved spray model based on the gas-jet model and modifications of the spray models was utilized to simulate the processes on a relatively coarse numerical mesh. Comparison of the simulations between the fine and coarse meshes shows that the improved spray model can greatly reduce the mesh dependence for low temperature combustion diesel engine CFD simulations.     

柴油/天然气发动机燃烧系统协同优化方法

采用KIVA-3V软件耦合多目标遗传优化算法NSGA-3,开展了柴油/天然气双燃料发动机的引燃柴油喷射参数、运行参数和燃烧室结构参数的协同优化研究.将湍流火焰速度封闭模型(TFSC)与PaSR燃烧模型耦合,建立柴油/天然气双燃料发动机复合燃烧模型.结果表明:复合燃烧模型能较好地模拟柴油/天然气发动机的燃烧过程;采用KIVA3V-NSGA3程序进行了双燃料发动机运行参数、喷射参数等多目标参数的协同优化;多目标参数优化结果的数据对比分析揭示了设计参数对目标参数的影响规律;涡流比和喷射参数的变化会对燃烧室内温度、NOx和CH4的分布产生较大影响.     

用双色法研究汽油机燃烧火焰的温度分布

探讨了用双色法测量汽油机温度场的可行性.通过添加氧化铝粒子替代柴油机燃烧产生的碳烟颗粒,利用高速彩色CCD拍摄得到图像,采用双色法计算缸内温度分布.为验证其可行性,在稳态火焰燃烧器上同时采用双色法和热电偶对甲烷空气火焰进行温度测试对比,并讨论不同双色组合对测试精度的影响.结果表明用氧化铝粒子和RB模式的双色法可以获得较好的精度.在一台汽油进气道喷射可视化发动机上,通过向进气道喷射混合均匀的纳米氧化铝粒子,对缸内燃烧过程进行分析,获得了汽油机温度场信息.     

Study of the characteristic of diesel spray combustion and soot formation using laser-induced incandescence (LII)

In this paper, the planar images of diesel spray combustion flame and soot formation were measured and analyzed by using LII, in a constant volume combustion vessel. The effects of combustion flame and fuel–air mixing characteristics on soot formation and distribution of soot concentration were studied at different conditions. The result indicates that, with increase in ambient temperature and pressure, the ignition delay of diesel fuel is shorter. The increase of ambient temperature and pressure and the reduction of injection pressure shorten the diesel flame lift-off length. The lower the ambient temperature and pressure, the weaker LII signal intensity. At the same ambient temperature and pressure condition, the higher the diesel injection pressure, the smaller the soot production in diesel jet spray, and soot particles are primarily produced in the relative fuel-rich region, which is encompassed by the flame surface front at the downstream of the diesel jet.     

生物柴油缸内燃烧火焰温度对NOx生成的影响

采用内窥镜高速摄影的方法,拍摄了柴油机燃用不同比例生物柴油-柴油调合燃料燃烧火焰的图像.基于亮度测温法的原理,计算了火焰的温度场分布.根据NOx生成的特点,提出了针对NOx生成的火焰温度评价指标:NOx生成区域的瞬态火焰面积、火焰面积变化速率、火焰面积平均变化速率、温度区域持续期、火焰面积出现效率,分析了评价指标随发动机转速、生物柴油调合比例的变化规律.研究结果表明:随着生物柴油添加比例和转速的增大,燃用B50和B100的NOx生成区域的火焰面积出现时刻和消失时刻提前,提前程度在高转速时较大,区域的峰值不断增大,对应的位置逐渐提前,火焰面积变化速率和火焰面积平均变化速率的峰值均不断增大,出现效率不断增大,持续时间逐渐缩短,这说明随着生物柴油调合比例的增大,缸内出现了有利于NOx生成的环境.     

层流小火焰模型在柴油机湍流燃烧中的应用

将湍流燃烧的层流小火焰模型应用于典型的柴油机扩散燃烧过程.以混合分数为自变量,以标量耗散率为参数,建立相空间中的层流小火焰数据库.应用KIVA-3程序模拟内燃机缸内多维湍流流场,并补充求解混合分数的时均值和脉动均方值的湍流输运方程.将两部分结果通过Beta概率密度函数进行耦合积分,便可得到组分质量分数和温度等参数在柴油机工作过程中的时间、空间分布.对一台直喷式柴油机的湍流燃烧过程进行了模拟计算,所得结果符合实际.     

Nine-step phenomenological diesel soot model validated over a wide range of engine conditions

A nine-step phenomenological soot model has been implemented into the KIVA-3V code for predicting soot formation and oxidation processes in diesel engines. The model involves nine generic steps, i.e., fuel pyrolysis, precursor species (including acetylene) formation and oxidation, soot particle inception, particle coagulation, surface growth and oxidation. The fuel pyrolysis process leads to acetylene formation and it is described by a single-step reaction. The particle inception occurs via a generic gas-phase precursor species, and the precursor is the product of an irreversible reaction from acetylene. The acetylene addition reaction contributes to soot surface growth. The particle coagulation affects both particle size and number density. The oxidation of soot particles includes two mechanisms—Nagle and Strickland-Constable's O₂ oxidation mechanism and Neoh et al.'s OH oxidation mechanism. The quasi-steady state assumption is applied to an H₂–O₂–CO system for calculating OH concentration. Both acetylene and precursor species have their own consumption paths, each of which is described by a single-step oxidation reaction.Validations of the model have been conducted over a wide range of engine conditions from conventional to PCCI-like combustion. Two engine examples (a heavy-duty diesel engine and a light-duty diesel engine) are presented in this paper. The predictions are compared against measurements, and the applicability of the model to multi-dimensional diesel simulations is assessed. The model's capability of predicting the soot distribution structure in a conventional diesel flame is included in discussion as well. The work reveals that the nine-step model is not only computationally efficient but also fundamentally sound. The model can be applied to diesel engine combustion analysis and, after calibration, is suitable to be integrated with genetic algorithms for system optimization over a controllable range of operations.     

Combustion and performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil

In this study, the biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil was prepared by a method of alkaline-catalyzed transesterification. The important properties of biodiesel were compared with those of diesel. Diesel and biodiesel were used as fuels in the compression ignition engine, and its performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of the engine were analyzed. The results showed that biodiesel exhibited the similar combustion stages to that of diesel, however, biodiesel showed an earlier start of combustion. At lower engine loads, the peak cylinder pressure, the peak rate of pressure rise and the peak of heat release rate during premixed combustion phase were higher for biodiesel than for diesel. At higher engine loads, the peak cylinder pressure of biodiesel was almost similar to that of diesel, but the peak rate of pressure rise and the peak of heat release rate were lower for biodiesel. The power output of biodiesel was almost identical with that of diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption was higher for biodiesel due to its lower heating value. Biodiesel provided significant reduction in CO, HC, NO_x and smoke under speed characteristic at full engine load. Based on this study, biodiesel can be used as a substitute for diesel in diesel engine.     

直喷式柴油机缸内热辐射多区(多维)模型的研究

以准维现象学多区喷雾燃烧模型和碳粒生成预测了模型为基础,建立了缸内空间辐射多区（多维）模型,并以Ｇ４１３５直喷式柴油机为研究对象,用蒙特卡洛（Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ）法计算和分析了燃烧室壁面辐射热量的分布,结果表明,热流量分布规律和数值与柴油机缸内燃烧过程,有关试验结果相符。     

正丁醇/柴油发动机燃烧排放特性及喷油、燃烧室形状影响

针对某型号直喷柴油机,建立了该柴油机中单缸完整燃烧室及气道三维模型,使用三维计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)分析软件CONVERGE对其进行模拟计算,研究了正丁醇掺混比例对柴油机燃烧排放的影响。结果表明:随着正丁醇掺混比例的提高,峰值缸压、滞燃期和燃烧速度均呈递增趋势,碳烟及CO排放量逐渐减少,NO_x排放量小幅增加。为了进一步改善缸内燃烧情况和降低污染物排放,对正丁醇掺混时喷油策略、燃烧室几何形状的综合影响进行了研究,结果表明:掺混时多次喷油及采用合适的燃烧室模型可以有效改善掺混后缸内油气混合情况,增加缸内湍动能强度,进一步降低碳烟排放量。与纯柴油工况对比,掺混并采用多次喷油策略后碳烟排放明显下降,且通过掺混能够有效简化喷油策略,但弱化了燃烧室形状对碳烟排放量的影响。     

涡流运动降低柴油机混合气浓度及碳烟排放的数值分析

为了揭示涡流运动对柴油机混合气形成及碳烟排放的影响规律，采用经过实验验证的喷雾及湍流模型，用CFD数值分析软件对某车用柴油机燃烧室内不同涡流条件下柴油喷雾的混合气浓度、速度矢量场、燃油液滴空间分布及油束特性进行了模拟计算．模拟结果表明，当涡流比从0到5．0依次增大时，过喷孔轴线的铅垂面内喷雾浓度场局部浓区燃空当量比逐渐降低，而过喷孔轴线且与铅垂面垂直的平面内喷雾浓度场局部浓区的燃空当量比则先降后升，而不是逐渐下降．只有合理选择剖切平面，即选择过喷孔轴线且与铅垂面垂直的平面，才能正确评价涡流运动对燃烧室内混合气浓度分布及碳烟形成区域分布的影响规律．组织燃烧室内气流运动，须兼顾与气缸轴线垂直的水平面内的涡流运动和过气缸轴线的铅垂面内的湍流或滚流运动．涡流比太大，铅垂面内的湍流或滚流太弱，会削弱喷雾射流对燃烧室底部空气的卷吸，降低燃烧室底部的空气利用率．随涡流比增大，射流顺涡流方向的弯曲度增大，不同喷孔的油束会发生相互干涉，在靠近气缸中心的区域内形成局部浓混合气，不利于降低碳烟排放．对具体的燃烧室结构和喷油系统，合理匹配涡流运动十分必要．     

基于详细化学反应机理的增压二甲醚发动机燃烧与NO_x排放数值研究

使用KIVA-3V对增压柴油机和二甲醚发动机标定功率点的缸内燃烧过程与NOx排放进行了数值模拟研究.研究结果表明:计算所得的气缸压力和放热率曲线与实测值吻合较好.对缸内燃烧的温度分布计算表明:柴油燃烧滞燃期为2.5 °CA左右,二甲醚为1.5 °CA.柴油燃料着火始于喷雾前端两侧,在燃烧初期,其高温区分布在喷雾前端一侧,且在燃烧室内气流作用下沿垂直于喷雾方向扩散;二甲醚的着火点位于喷嘴附近,随喷雾的进行,其燃烧高温区从喷嘴附近一直延伸到喷雾前端,呈现狭长的高温带.在扩散燃烧后期,与柴油相比,二甲醚燃烧温度分布较均匀,且最高温度比柴油低.选用的9步NOx生成机理可较好地预测发动机实际运行中NOx排放水平.     

Investigation on soot emissions from diesel-CNG dual-fuel

The burning of diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) is attractive compared to diesel fuel because of the reduction of CO₂ emissions and particulate matter (PM) emissions. While soot emissions from the diesel-CNG combustion can be tested in a real-world single-cylinder engine, the soot formation characteristics cannot be tested in the same way. Therefore, to understand the mechanisms behind soot formation in diesel-CNG combustion, soot evolution must be investigated using a simulation model. In this study, the soot evolution is investigated under different CNG substitution ratios with single and split fuel injection. An AVL 5402 single-cylinder diesel engine was modified to run diesel/CNG dual-fuel to investigate the combustion and soot emissions. A new soot model using KIVA-3V R2 code and integrated with a reduced heptane/methane PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) mechanism was used to simulate soot behavior. For the combustion, the results show that the ignition delay gets extended, the combustion duration gets shorter and the peak pressure can be improved when CNG substitution ratio is increased both with single and split injection. Additionally, a slight increase of pressure is observed when the split injection is used. This is because the split injection is an effective strategy to change the distribution and vaporization of fuel, which results in an incremental increase in combustion efficiency and increase pressure. As the CNG substitution ratio is increased, soot emissions get drastically reduced. The reason is the equivalence ratio distribution of air-fuel becomes more homogenous and the local fuel-rich region shrinks with increasing of CNG substitution ratios. Pyrene is an important intermediate specie to generate soot particles. The results show that pyrene distribution decreases, leading to a reduced generation of soot precursors. As a result, the soot mass of CNG70 is less than the other two cases. The basic reason is the prolonged ignition delay allowed for more time for fuel−air mixing, which reduces soot mass formation.     

小缸径直喷式柴油机喷雾,燃烧和碳粒生成过程试验研究

本介绍了作采用同步高速摄影技术和图象分析技术研究柴油机缸内碳粒生成和氧化过程的研究结果。研究结果表明：在柴油机燃烧过程中碳粒最早出现在燃烧室内有空气渗混的富油区；速燃期内高温富碳燃烧区的形状与着火前一时刻喷雾场的形状相吻合；富油区大直径油滴的燃烧裂解和活塞顶隙处外溢燃气的低温燃烧是柴油机产生碳烟微粒排放的主要原因。     

压燃发动机燃用不同原料生物柴油的燃烧与排放特性

利用KIVA3数值模拟研究柴油以及三种生物柴油(大豆油甲酯、棕榈油甲酯、麻疯油甲酯)对压燃发动机燃烧和排放性能的影响。数值计算结果表明:生物柴油在燃烧初始阶段与柴油燃烧特性基本一致,燃烧中后期,生物柴油的平均缸温低于柴油,其中麻疯油甲酯最为明显;生物柴油碳烟和CO生成量明显低于柴油。生物柴油虽然缸内氧含量比柴油高,但由于受缸温的影响,NOx排放比柴油低,而麻疯油甲酯在三种生物柴油中NOx排放最低。     

Analysis of combustion,performance and emission characteristics of low heat rejection engine using biodiesel

A comprehensive cycle simulation program has been developed using “C” language for conventional engine and Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engine operated with diesel and biodiesel. Model for the prediction of cylinder pressure, heat transfer, heat release, work done and emission levels were synthesized and analyzed. Annand’s combined heat transfer model and Wiebe’s heat release model is used to calculate the heat transfer and heat release. The extended Zeldovich mechanism is used for predicting NO emissions. The models have been validated against experimental data obtained from single cylinder water-cooled DI diesel engine. For experimental purpose the diesel engine is converted in to LHR engine using partially stabilized zirconia coating and biodiesel is produced from Jatropha seed oil (JSO) through transesterification process. It is shown that the models can predict the characteristics with reasonable accuracy.     

Study on combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with n-butanol and waste cooking oil blends

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel because of its renewability and extensive source of raw materials. Butanol can be blended in biodiesel to reduce the kinematic viscosity and promote the fuel atomization. In this respect, biodiesel was blended with 10% and 20% n-butanol, and the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of the fuel blends were tested in a turbocharged, 6-cylinder, common rail diesel engine at a constant speed of 1400 rpm under seven engine loads. The experimental results show that under various engine loads, all of the butanol and biodiesel fuel blends provide faster combustion than diesel due to the higher oxygen content of n-butanol and the lower cetane number of butanol which results in stronger premixed combustion. The addition of butanol is beneficial to concentrating the heat release and thus shorten the combustion duration. With an increased proportion of butanol, soot emissions of butanol and biodiesel fuel blends decrease, the number concentration and volume concentration of ultrafine particles (UFPs) reduce noticeably. Meanwhile, the geometric mean diameters of UFPs decrease with an increase in butanol. With an increase of the engine loads, the number concentration peaks of UFPs gradually transfer from the size range of nucleation mode particles (NMPs) to the size range of accumulation mode particles (AMPs) due to the elevated combustion temperatures and high equivalence ratios. Moreover, biodiesel and fuel blends exhibit a higher percentage of NMPs as compared to diesel because of the fuel-bound oxygen, zero aromatics, and low sulfides.