桃红通脉颗粒质量标准提高研究

目的 提高桃红通脉颗粒的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱（TLC）法对赤芍、地黄、甘草进行薄层鉴别,以及采用高效液相色谱法对主药桃仁的有效成分苦杏仁苷进行鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定芍药苷的含量,色谱柱为Agilent HC-C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-水（13：87）,流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为230 nm。结果 赤芍、地黄、甘草的TLC图均斑点清晰,阴性无干扰;芍药苷在1.79~57.28 μg/ml范围内浓度与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为99.99%,RSD为2.05%（n=9）。结论 提高桃红通脉颗粒质量标准后,鉴别方法重现性更好,优化了芍药苷的含量测定方法,增强了成品质量的可控性。     

复方虎杖酊的质量标准研究

目的 建立复方虎杖酊的质量控制标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对复方虎杖酊中虎杖、蜂房和冰片进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法测定虎杖中虎杖苷的含量,色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈-水（23：77）,检测波长306 nm,流速1.0 ml/min,柱温40℃。结果 复方虎杖酊中虎杖、蜂房和冰片的薄层色谱图斑点明显,阴性对照无干扰;虎杖苷的定量测定在8.25~66.0 μg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.1%,RSD为0.2%。结论 本实验建立的方法快速简便,准确可靠,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定鼻炎灵胶囊中黄芩苷含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定鼻炎灵胶囊中黄芩苷的含量。方法 色谱柱为Waters XBridge C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.8%甲酸（25：75）,检测波长276 nm,流速1.0 ml/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μl。结果 黄芩苷在1.25~40 μg/ml范围内（r=0.999 9）呈良好的线性关系,精密度实验中RSD均小于2%,加样回收率在95%~100%之间。结论 该测定方法简便、准确,分离效果好,可用于鼻炎灵胶囊的质量控制。     

健脾补肾颗粒的质量标准研究

目的 建立健脾补肾颗粒的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）鉴别制剂中黄芪、丹参、党参、陈皮和白芍五味药材。用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定白芍中芍药苷的含量：色谱柱：Agilent Eclipse Plus C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液梯度洗脱;流速：1.0 ml/min;柱温：25℃;检测波长：230 nm。结果 5种药材的TLC图谱斑点清晰,无阴性对照干扰;芍药苷在8.676~277.632 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,（r=0.999 9）。结论 该法操作简单、重复性好,能够有效控制健脾补肾颗粒的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定康得灵胶囊中黄芩苷的含量

目的 建立康得灵胶囊中黄芩苷的HPLC测定方法。方法 色谱柱为Agilent Tc-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,柱温为30 ℃;流动相为乙腈-0.5‰磷酸溶液（26：74）,流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长265 nm。结果 黄芩苷保留时间约为16 min。以峰面积（Y）对进样浓度（X, μg/ml）线性回归,得回归方程：Y=22 114.67 X－112 836.7,r=0.998 8,线性范围5.410~108.2 μg/ml。平均加样回收率为98.78%,RSD为0.74%。结论 本方法操作简便,测定结果准确可靠,可用于康得灵胶囊中黄芩苷的含量测定。     

川菊止痛胶囊的质量标准研究

目的 建立川菊止痛胶囊质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对复方中柴胡、菊花进行定性鉴别。HPLC同时测定制剂中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素及甘草苷含量,色谱柱：Kromasil 100-5C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长为280 nm;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;进样量：10 μL。结果 薄层色谱斑点清晰且阴性样品无干扰。甘草苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷及汉黄芩素分别在10.7~107 μg·mL^-1、12.12~121.2 μg·mL^-1、11.2~112 μg·mL^-1、10.02~100.2 μg·mL^-1、10.32~103.2 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,精密度、重复性、稳定性试验RSD均<1.8%,加样回收率分别为98.34%~101.77%（RSD=1.28%,n=6）、98.69%~101.36%（RSD=1.01%,n=6）、98.46%~101.06%（RSD=0.92%,n=6）、98.67%~101.33%（RSD=1.17%,n=6）、98.43%~100.79%（RSD=0.92%,n=6）。结论 本研究建立的质量标准方法准确、简便,可用于川菊止痛胶囊的质量控制,且所建立的菊花、柴胡薄层鉴别方法可供其他含有二药的复方标准建立作参考。     

益视明目颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立益视明目颗粒的质量标准。方法 用薄层色谱法（TLC）鉴别制剂中的枸杞子、丹参;用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）定量测定丹参素钠的含量。色谱柱：Kromasil C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）;流速：0.4 ml/min;检测波长：280 nm;柱温：30 ℃;进样量：10 μl;流动相：甲醇-0.5%醋酸水溶液（10∶90）。结果 薄层色谱斑点清晰可见、阴性干扰小,可用于鉴别益视明目颗粒中的枸杞、丹参;丹参素钠在2.00~60.00 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 7（n=6）,平均加样回收率105.6%,RSD=1.60%。结论 建立的方法简便、准确、可靠性高、重现性好,可作为控制益视明目颗粒质量的有效方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定气管炎颗粒中黄芩苷的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定气管炎颗粒中黄芩苷的含量。 方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱:ZORBAX SB-C₁₈柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-0.1%磷酸(47:53)为流动相,流速为1 ml/min,检测波长为280 nm。 结果 黄芩苷在6.63~210 μg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 8,n=6),平均加样回收率为98.16%,RSD为1.89%。 结论 本法简便、灵敏、准确、重复性好,结果可靠,可有效地控制气管炎颗粒的质量。     

香苏胃痛胶囊质量标准研究

目的 建立香苏胃痛胶囊的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱（TLC）法定性鉴别处方中甘草、延胡索、茯苓、香附;采用HPLC法测定延胡索乙素的含量。色谱柱为Welchrom C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;以乙腈-0.1%磷酸（三乙胺调pH 6.0）（40∶60）为流动相;检测波长为280 nm;柱温：30℃;流速：1 ml/min。结果 薄层定性鉴别斑点清晰,分离效果良好,专属性强;延胡索乙素在1~80 μg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）。平均加样回收率为99.1%,RSD为1.28%（n=6）。结论 本方法结果准确、操作简单,专属性和重复性良好,可作为该制剂的质量控制标准。     

蒲地蓝消炎片定性定量研究

目的 对蒲地蓝消炎片进行定性定量方法研究。方法 对处方中的黄芩、蒲公英、苦地丁、板蓝根4味药材采用显微或TLC进行鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩中有效成分黄芩苷的含量,C₁₈色谱柱,流动相：甲醇-水-磷酸（47:53:0.2）为流动相,检测波长280 nm,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1。结果 在薄层色谱中可检出黄芩、蒲公英、苦地丁、板蓝根,含量测定中黄芩苷进样量在5.008～100.16 µg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8);黄芩苷的加样回收率为98.87%,RSD为0.95%(n=9)。结论 本方法操作简单,受外界干扰因素少,重现性好,可用于蒲地蓝消炎片的质量控制。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.