Mobile IPv6 and the future of wireless Internet access

Wireless technology is increasingly being used for Internet access and other IP-based communications. To make it easier for wireless users to exploit this trend, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) designed Mobile IP version 4 in 1996. However, MIPv4 has not been deployed widely enough to provide much mobility and has several major shortcomings, including a cumbersome communications process and a limited number of IP addresses. The latter is a key problem because the number of mobile devices that need their own IP address to access the Internet is increasing rapidly. To overcome these deficiencies and introduce new capabilities, the IETF has been developing MIPv6. MIPv6 makes many more IP addresses available and lets mobile users stay connected to the Internet as they move between networks. The paper discusses MIPv6 implementation.     

一种PMIPv6网络中基于流的区分服务方案

PMIPv6协议是由IETF提出的基于网络的区域移动性管理解决方案,其目的在于实现无需终端参与的、基于网络的IP移动性管理.PMIPv6协议仅定义了移动管理实体如何实现终端在域内移动的过程中通信不中断,但是不提供通信的服务质量保证.针对这个问题对PMIPv6协议进行改进,提出了一种PMIPv6域内基于流的区分服务方案.为在PMIPv6城内实现区分服务,提出了通过基于逻辑隧道的业务流区分方法和业务流与逻辑隧道的绑定方法.通过基于逻辑隧道的业务流区分方法,一对区域移动管理实体之间可以建立多条逻辑隧道,以解决PMIPv6区域移动管理实体之间数据通信共享单一隧道的问题;通过业务流与逻辑隧道的绑定方法,区域移动管理实体可以根据用户的需求为不同的业务流建立具有不同服务能力和类型的逻辑隧道并将业务流与逻辑隧道绑定,以实现为业务流提供有差别的服务.基于NS2的仿真结果证明:相比PMIPv6,可以根据各种应用对于延迟、丢包、吞吐量等服务质量参数的要求,为不同的业务流提供有差别的服务,能够更好地满足不同业务对于关键服务质量参数的要求并提供一定的服务质量保证.     

Mobility management for IP-based next generation mobile networks: Review, challenge and perspective

IP Mobility management protocols are divided into two kinds of category: host-based and network-based mobility protocol. The former category, such as MIPv6 protocol and its enhancements (e.g., HMIPv6 and FMIPv6), supports the mobility of a Mobile Node (MN) to roam across network domains. This is done through the involvement of MN in the mobility-related signalling, which requires protocol stack modification and IP address changes on the MN. The latter category, such as PMIPv6 protocol, handles mobility management on behalf of the MN thereby enabling it to connect and roam within localized domains, which requires neither protocol stack modification nor IP address change of the MN. PMIPv6 attracts attention in the Internet and telecommunication societies by improving the performance of the MN's communication to fulfil the requirements of QoS for real-time services. In this article, we present IPv6 features to support mobile systems and survey the mobility management services along with their techniques, strategies and protocol categories, and elaborate upon the classification and comparison among various mobility management protocols. Furthermore, it identifies and discusses several issues and challenges facing mobility management along with an evaluation and comparison of several relevant mobility studies.     

Performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain scheme vs. IPv6 mobility protocols

The population of mobile users seeking connectivity to the Internet has been growing over the years, spurred by the capabilities of handsets and the increasing rich Internet content and services. Mobility management to enable efficient Internet access for users on the move is thus gaining significance. IETF has standardized several protocols such as Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Proxy Mobile IPv6 to provide mobility management on the IP network. With future Internet design initiatives gaining momentum, it is important that these initiatives consider mobility management as an integral part of the design. In this article, we introduce the concept of Virtual Mobility Domain and describe the main features and key strengths of Virtual Mobility Domain that are designed to provide mobility management in a newly proposed tiered Internet architecture. Instead of IP addressing, the proposed Virtual Mobility Domain uses a tiered-addressing scheme to identify a mobile node with a single address regardless of its location. The tiered addressing provides a dynamic address length which brings less signaling overhead and scalable management. We also propose a collaborative network-based mobility management mechanism to provide low-latency handoffs and less processing-overhead on the mobile node compared to the IPv6-based protocols. The proposed mobility scheme unifies inter and intra-domain mobility management by introducing common anchor cloud concept which provides a distributed management and seamless mobility experience. We present comparative qualitative and quantitative performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain and aforementioned IPv6-based mobility protocols for Intra-AS roaming support. We examine handoff latency and signaling overhead performance of each protocol based on numerical results retrieved from analytical models and OPNET modeler based simulations. The results from a comparative performance study show the potential for more efficient mobility management under the proposed Internet architecture.     

IPv4/IPv6过渡机制的研究与实现

IPv6是面向下一代因特网的IP协议。与IPv4相比,IPv6有许多优点,例如提供更大的地址空间,提供路由聚集和即插即用等自动配置功能,因而提高了因特网的扩展性、可管理性等性能。在因特网全部采用IPv6之前,显然会存在一个需要v4和v6共存和相互通信的过渡期。在过渡期间,必须要有一整套强有力的、灵活的v4到v6过渡机制。该文对目前各种过渡机制进行了分析,重点研究了能使IPv4和IPv6直接互通的转换器NAT-PT,给出了设计的总体方案和实现过程,并在实际的网络环境下进行了测试,证明了文章实现的转换器是可行和实用的。     

移动IPv6网络中的DoS攻击

介绍了移动IPv6协议的工作原理,分析总结了移动IPv6网络中三种主要的DoS攻击。针对NS-2环境提出了一套模拟移动IPv6中DoS攻击的具体实现方案。经过对仿真实验结果分析表明,DoS攻击对移动IPv6网络性能造成很大的影响。     

基于MIPv6的Snoop协议的实现

随着移动IPv6协议的推出和无线终端的广泛普及,人们越来越发现许多长期应用于固定网络环境中的TCP假设都无法适用于无线局域网环境。文章针对移动IPv6的无线局域网环境下TCP性能由于无线链路的影响而引起的性能损失问题,提出利用Snoop协议来提高接入性能,并利用内核模块的机制给出了基于Linux系统的实现,最后在实验平台环境中测试了Snoop模块的性能。     

A novel mix-based location privacy mechanism in Mobile IPv6

Mobile IP (MIP), a link-layer-independent protocol, is suitable for Internet Protocol (IP) based mobility across homogeneous media as well as heterogeneous networks. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) not only possesses the major characteristics of Mobile IPv4 (MIPv4), but also has more advantages such as the expansion of address space and elimination of the “triangle routing”, which make MIPv6 the most suitable candidate for future heterogeneous environment. Location privacy is very important for mobile node (MN) in mobile communications because exposure of the relationship between MN's real physical location and its identity will lead to serious violation of the MN's privacy. And the attackers can easily launch the traffic analysis attack according to such revealed relationship. However, the location privacy of MN to avoid attackers tracing in MIP is not paid more attention up to the present. As the most widely used anonymous communication technology, mix-network can be used to provide the location privacy in MIP. In this paper, we employ the practical mix-network to provide location privacy on signaling control information in MIPv6. By utilizing the practical mix-network, a novel MIPv6 network model is proposed. Based on the network model, a new location privacy extension to MN's home binding and correspondent registration in MIPv6 is proposed and it can be integrated into MIPv6 easily. As a result, our location privacy proposal possesses the benefits succeeded from the adopted practical mix-network, e.g. reducing the trust requirements among the mix servers and increasing the robustness compared with other mix-based MIP location privacy schemes. In addition, the computation load in MN does not increase significantly during the binding procedures according to the analysis, thus it is more suitable for the asymmetric wireless environment.     

MIPv6绑定更新机制及验证

MIPv6的绑定更新过程是其主要安全问题,IETF草案对此给出一种新的基于IKEv2/IPSec协议的绑定更新机制,但是IKEv2协议存在不适合直接应用于移动环境的缺陷。为此,基于Weil对数字签名算法改进了IKEv2协议的缺陷,并在新协议的基础上改进了绑定更新过程。基于应用π演算验证了改进绑定更新机制的认证性。     

Adaptive mobility anchor point to reduce regional registration and packets delivery costs

MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6) has been developed as macro-mobility management protocol to support mobility of MUs (mobile users) over the Internet. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been developed as micro-mobility management protocol. There are many other mobility management protocols proposed so far like Fast Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6, Optimal Choice of Mobility management, and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6. These are based on MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and have their own advantages and limitations. These protocols do not consider the fixed mobility pattern of MUs. Many MUs have fixed mobility pattern on daily basis and there is scope of further reduction in regional registration cost. We propose an AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) to minimize the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which is selected based on the activity rate (ARate) of MUs.     

IETF 6TiSCH工业物联网研究综述：标准、关键技术与平台

互联网工程任务组(IETF)正在制定一套基于IPv6的低功耗工业物联网协议栈6TiSCH,其主要应用于复杂的工业过程控制及自动化领域。IETF 6Ti SCH协议栈在网络层上引入IPv6协议,使得海量的物联网节点可以无缝接入互联网;在链路层引入了IEEE802.15.4e TSCH新协议,可以有效降低节点能耗和增强无线通信可靠性。OpenWSN开源项目提供了一套该协议栈完整实现的代码。对IETF 6TiSCH工业物联网的标准、关键技术与平台进行了系统总结。首先对其发展历程及现状进行了详细的介绍;接着分析了CoAP应用层协议、UDP传输层协议、IPv6网络层协议、IEEE802.15.4e链路层协议及其物理层标准协议;随后总结了其高精度时间同步、资源调度与安全等关键技术,并对其实现平台进行了深入剖析;最后对未来研究可能面临的挑战进行了展望。     

Evaluation of MANEMO route optimization schemes

In the doorway of the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), it was considered as the standard protocol that support the host mobility. Due to its limitation that does not support the mobile routers (MRs), the Internet engineering task force (IETF) has introduced the NEMO basic support (NEMO BS) protocol. The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocol provides the local and the direct communications between two mobile devices within the nested NEMO (when multiple MRs are connected together). Integrating the MANET and the NEMO (MANEMO) provides the necessary additions to the existing protocols (IPv6, neighbor discovery (ND), and NEMO) to support the nested MRs. It provides a mechanism to select the most suitable path to the Exit Router (ER) as a default in the MANEMO Fringe Stub (MFS). The NCM (NEMO centric MANEMO) protocol is introduced to address the nested NEMO issues (e.g. pinball problem) by using the MANET routing a protocol (i.e., OLSR), while the MCM (MANET centric MANEMO) protocol is introduced to address the MANET problem (e.g. Internet connectivity). The main aim of this paper is to investigate the current approaches that are introduced to provide the route optimization (RO) for the NEMO. It highlights the strengths and the limitations of these approaches. Both the qualitative and the quantitative evolutions of these proposals are hereby presented.     

快速层次移动IPv6协议的比较性能评价

本文用ns-2网络模拟器给出了一种F-HMIPv6协议与MIPv6、HMIPv6、FMIPv6、FHMIPv6（HMIPv6与FMIPv6的简单结合）的比较性能分析。通过仿真实验检测了MN从一个子网移动到另一子网发生切换时的延时与丢包性能。从实验结果可知，它们的延时和丢包性能从优到劣的顺序依次为：F-HMIPv6、FHMIPv6、FMIPv6、HMIPv6和MIPv6。     

A framework for the IPv6 based implementation of a reactive routing protocol in ns-3: Case study using LOADng

The lightweight on-demand ad hoc distance-vector - next generation (LOADng) is a reactive routing protocol proposed for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). ITU-T G.9903 standard for power line communication specifies LOADng as its default routing protocol. LOADng establishes bidirectional routes and has routing mechanisms for unicast, multicast and broadcast packets. This paper discusses a general framework for the IPv6 based implementation of a reactive routing protocol in ns-3. The framework is then used to implement LOADng routing protocol in ns-3 as per the latest Internet-draft recommendation. Our implementation of LOADng module in ns-3 is useful to study the potentials and pitfalls of the protocol, to investigate the impact of the various protocol parameters, to derive some non-trivial insights into the protocol behavior, and to compare its performance with other routing protocols proposed for LLNs. Our implementation is flexible enough to be modified and augmented with new features. To reduce the control overhead, the Smart-RREQ concept is incorporated as an extension to the basic framework. Another important feature added to this basic module is the multipath capability. Performance improvements with these new features are verified. The module is also tested for its performance with different route metrics. The framework is useful for implementation of other reactive routing protocols in ns-3.     

Implementation and validation of BLUE and PI queue disciplines in ns-3

High queuing delay arising out of the bufferbloat problem has reignited research in the area of Active Queue Management (AQM). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has created a new working group to discuss the deployment feasibility of existing and upcoming AQM algorithms (or queuing disciplines) in the Internet. Network simulations are essential to gain an accurate and deep understanding of the network algorithms before they are deployed in the Internet. ns-3 is among the most widely used network simulators, and the recent addition of Linux-like traffic control subsystem in ns-3 makes it highly suitable and reliable for studying the performance of queuing disciplines. However, the current traffic control subsystem in ns-3 has very few queuing disciplines. In an effort to provide support for more queuing disciplines and foster active research in this area, we implement two popular algorithms in ns-3: BLUE and Proportional Integral controller (PI). This paper discusses the implementation and validation of the proposed models in ns-3, and presents a detailed comparative study of both queuing disciplines based on the evaluation guidelines provided in RFC 7928.     

基于L2触发的异构网络切换研究

IETF提议的MIPv6协议能够实现异构网络切换,但切换时延和丢包率较大,其扩展协议FMIPv6为此提出L2触发的概念,却未定义L2触发的具体时间。因此,结合IEEE802.21媒体独立切换(MIH)协议提出一种基于L2触发的异构网络切换方案,通过NS-2仿真验证了L2触发的切换方案能有效减少切换时延和丢包,并评价了不同速度、不同预测系数对切换期间的中断概率、丢包率和网络使用率的影响。     

IPv6 Protocol Analyzer

With the emerging of next generation Intemet protocol (IPv6), it is expected to replace the current version of Internet protocol (IPv4) that will be exhausted in the near future. Besides providing adequate address space, some other new features are included into the new 128 bits of IP such as IP auto configuration, quality of service, simple routing capability, security, mobility and multicasting. The current protocol analyzer will not be able to handle IPv6 packets. This paper will focus on developing protocol analyzer that decodes IPv6 packet. IPv6 protocol analyzer is an application module,which is able to decode the IPv6 packet and provide detail breakdown of the construction of the packet. It has to understand the detail construction of the IPv6, and provide a high level abstraction of bits and bytes of the IPv6 packet.Thus it increases network administrators' understanding of a network protocol,helps he/she in solving protocol related problem in a IPv6 network environment.     

分层移动IP网络的自适应移动性管理

移动IP(mobile IP,MIP)使主机在移动过程中不需改变IP地址便可连续访问Internet,其主要缺点是主机在移动过程中需要频繁地进行绑定更新,产生的信令开销较大。为降低移动IPv6的信令开销,IETF(Internet engineering task force)提出了分层移动IPv6(hierarchical mobile IPv6,HMIPv6)协议。基于HMIPv6,提出了一种自适应的分层移动性管理方案。这种方案采用模糊逻辑,根据移动主机的移动次数及移动性管理代价,动态选取MAP(mobility anchor point)并调整MAP区域所管辖的接入路由器个数。仿真分析表明,所提出的方案的代价优于固定MAP区域的移动性管理方案。     

Seamless handover integrated solution for video transmission over proxy mobile IPv6 in a micro mobility domain

Seamless communication is becoming one of the most important issues for the next generation of mobile and wireless networks. In this context, seamless is referred to users that are free to roam around different networks and at the same time stay connected without any disturbance to the ongoing session during the handover process from one network to another. The handover process between these networks spawns long delay or latency, high packet loss, and fewer throughputs which may degrade the performance of real-time applications during the handover process. Therefore, in order to resolve these problems, a new protocol has been proposed by Network-based Localized Mobility Management working group of Internet Engineering Task Force under network-based mobility management protocol. Although, this protocol managed to minimize the problems related to network switching, it still suffers several drawbacks during the handover process especially when the movement speed of mobile user is high. In this paper, we present a new approach which is a network-based mobility management protocol that aims to reduce the lengthy handover latency, jitter, high packet loss, and increase throughput and the performance of video transmission during the high speed mobility. The proposed approach namely Seamless Handover Integrated Solution consists of mobility prediction method, a set of Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMP6) messages which are effective in terms of handover optimization.