掺入回炼油或油浆改善重油催化裂化原料裂化性能

将富含芳烃的催化裂化重油(回炼油或油浆)作为添加剂掺入重油催化裂化原料中，研究了该添加剂对催化裂化性能的影响。结果表明：通过添加剂改变原料体系的动力稳定性，改善原料的雾化性能，可以降低重油催化裂化过程的干气和焦炭产率，改善产品分布。在试验条件下，在催化裂化原料中掺1．5％回炼油和油浆时，单程裂化的干气和焦炭产率分别降低0．2和0．6个百分点以上，柴油产率增加0．9个百分点以上。     

生产清洁汽油的新型催化裂化工艺

介绍了生产清洁汽油的4种催化裂化新工艺，并与催化裂化工艺在产率分布及汽油性质方面进行了对比。这些新工艺具有依托原提升管催化裂化工业装置，使用常规或专用裂化催化剂，通过对裂化反应、氢转移反应和异构化反应等进行控制与选择，明显降低催化汽油烯烃含量的特点。     

重质油裂化的催化剂添加剂──由酸性金属氧化物和碱性金属氧化物的混合物、白土和硅石组成

一种用于裂化重质油的催化剂添加剂包括：①酸性金属氧化物和摩尔分数５％～５０％的碱性金属氧化物的混合物；②白土；③硅石。还包括重质原料油在上述催化剂存在下的催化裂化过程，特别适用于流化催化裂化生产汽油，且汽油产率高，并能减少焦炭的形成，催化剂选择性高。重质油裂化的催化剂添加剂──由酸性金属氧化物和碱性金属氧化物的混合物、白土和硅石组成     

催化裂化增产汽油的分析与探讨

增产汽油应从占汽油池70%以上的催化裂化工艺技术着手,通过优化加工流程提供具有较好裂化性能的催化裂化原料,选择对大分子裂化能力强的催化剂,维持较高的平衡剂活性,优化反应-再生系统的工艺操作参数,强化催化裂化反应,提高单程转化率;采用催化裂化柴油馏分回炼技术,尤其是富含链状烃和单环芳烃的柴油轻馏分有助于增产高辛烷值汽油;严格控制分馏和吸收稳定系统的操作条件,用足汽油干点和蒸气压质量指标等措施,可有效增加催化裂化汽油产率。     

多产汽油的MIP-LTG工艺条件研究

在连续流化催化裂化装置上,对柴油重馏分选择性裂化多产高辛烷值汽油MIP工艺进行中型试验研究。结果表明：将反应温度控制在合理的范围内可以在高转化率、高丙烯产率的情况下保证较高的汽油产率和性质较理想的汽油产品;提高剂油比可以提高转化率,增加液化气和汽油产率,提高汽油辛烷值,但会提高干气和焦炭产率;原料性质对产物分布和产品性质有着至关重要的影响,原料中芳烃含量越高,尤其是单环芳烃含量越高,汽油产品中芳烃含量越高,汽油辛烷值越高。     

加氢原料对催化烟气SOx排放影响的中试研究

在中型提升管催化裂化装置上,选用常规重油裂化催化剂VRCC,对不同加氢深度的重质油在相同试验条件下裂化反应性能和再生烟气SO2含量进行考察。结果表明：随着原料加氢深度的增加,再生烟气中SO2浓度由轻度加氢原料时的526 mg/m3降低到深度加氢原料时的232 mg/m3;与轻度加氢原料裂化产物相比,中度加氢原料裂化产物中液化气收率增加1.40百分点,汽油收率增加0.89百分点,油浆产率减少2.05百分点,总液体（液化气+汽油+柴油）收率增加1.54百分点,产物分布得到优化。兼顾原料加氢难度和对再生烟气SOx排放的影响幅度,选择对催化裂化原料中度加氢既可以减少加氢工艺的成本,又可以满足催化裂化对产物分布优化和降低再生烟气SOx排放的双重要求。     

大庆蜡油在酸性催化剂上反应机理的研究

以大庆蜡油为原料，采用两种不同类型的催化剂，在流化床反应器实验装鬣上进行催化裂化反应。结果表明，大庆蜡油在酸性催化剂上反应所产生的干气组成与高烯烃催化裂化汽油相同，干气的产生主要是单分子裂化反应所造成的。从干气产率、组成以及液化气组成可以看出，大庆蜡油在不同类型的催化剂上明显地表现出裂化反应类型的差异。     

加氢焦化馏分油的催化裂化

通过分析焦化馏分油的组成和性质，利用计算方法预测了它们的可裂化度和转化率函数，实验室中试和工业标定结果证实了焦化馏分油加氢后作催化裂化原料油，在相同的操作条件下，原料油的裂化性能增强，转化率提高１．６个百分点，轻质油收率提高０．６９个百分点，汽油产率提高１．９个百分点，焦炭产率下降；汽油中硫含量下降，柴油胶质含量下降。为拓宽ＦＣＣ原料来源进行了一次有益的尝试。     

加氢原料对催化裂化烟气SO_x排放影响的中试研究

在中型提升管催化裂化装置上,选用常规重油裂化催化剂VRCC,对不同加氢深度的重质油在相同试验条件下裂化反应性能和再生烟气SO_2含量进行考察。结果表明:随着原料加氢深度的增加,再生烟气中SO_2浓度由轻度加氢原料时的526 mg/m~3降低到深度加氢原料时的232 mg/m~3;与轻度加氢原料裂化产物相比,中度加氢原料裂化产物中液化气收率增加1.40百分点,汽油收率增加0.89百分点,油浆产率减少2.05百分点,总液体(液化气+汽油+柴油)收率增加1.54百分点,产物分布得到优化。兼顾原料加氢难度和对再生烟气SO_x排放的影响幅度,选择对催化裂化原料中度加氢既可以减少加氢工艺的成本,又可以满足催化裂化对产物分布优化和降低再生烟气SO_x排放的双重要求。     

多产汽油的MIP-LTG工艺条件研究

在连续流化催化裂化装置上,对柴油重馏分选择性裂化多产高辛烷值汽油工艺(MIP-LTG)进行中型试验研究。结果表明:将反应温度控制在合理的范围内可以在高转化率、高丙烯产率的情况下得到较高的汽油产率和性质较理想的汽油产品;提高剂油比可以提高转化率,增加液化气和汽油产率,提高汽油辛烷值,但会提高干气和焦炭产率;原料性质对产物分布和产品性质有着至关重要的影响,原料中芳烃含量越高,尤其是单环芳烃含量越高,汽油产品中芳烃含量越高,汽油辛烷值越高。     

EFFECT OF ZSM-5 ADDITION ON PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN A HIGH SEVERITY FCC MODE

The high-severity fluid catalytic cracking (HS-FCC) process is a novel FCC process that enhances light olefins yield under high severity reaction conditions. The process has been investigated by using a small-scale FCC pilot plant (0.1 BPD) with a down-flow reactor. High severity reaction conditions are preferable for enhancing the production of light olefins by catalytic cracking of heavy oils. As another option for the light olefin production, adoption of ZSM-5 additive in conventional FCC units is well known. This presentation describes the effect of ZSM-5 additive on the catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil under high severity reaction conditions, particularly focusing on the synergistic effect with the base catalyst. Three kinds of FCC catalysts with different activity were used as base catalysts. Although the employment of a ZSM-5 additive resulted in significant increase in the light olefins yield at the expense of gasoline in each catalyst system tested, the effectiveness was varied depending on the nature of the base catalysts. By choosing a suitable base cracking catalyst, more than 20 wt% of propylene yield was obtained at a one-pass conversion of fresh feed.     

EFFECT OF ZSM-5 ADDITION ON PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN A HIGH SEVERITY FCC MODE

The high-severity fluid catalytic cracking (HS-FCC) process is a novel FCC process that enhances light olefins yield under high severity reaction conditions. The process has been investigated by using a small-scale FCC pilot plant (0.1 BPD) with a down-flow reactor. High severity reaction conditions are preferable for enhancing the production of light olefins by catalytic cracking of heavy oils. As another option for the light olefin production, adoption of ZSM-5 additive in conventional FCC units is well known. This presentation describes the effect of ZSM-5 additive on the catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil under high severity reaction conditions, particularly focusing on the synergistic effect with the base catalyst. Three kinds of FCC catalysts with different activity were used as base catalysts. Although the employment of a ZSM-5 additive resulted in significant increase in the light olefins yield at the expense of gasoline in each catalyst system tested, the effectiveness was varied depending on the nature of the base catalysts. By choosing a suitable base cracking catalyst, more than 20 wt% of propylene yield was obtained at a one-pass conversion of fresh feed.     

脱硫脱硝候选助剂对催化裂化反应的影响

考察了催化裂化催化剂中添加烟气脱硫脱硝助剂后对催化裂化反应性能的影响,探讨了该混合催化剂（简称混合剂）返回催化裂化装置的可行性。固定流化床反应装置（FFB）试验结果表明：以安庆蜡油为原料,催化剂CGP-C中添加质量分数为4.2%不同类别的脱硫脱硝助剂后,对催化裂化反应产物中裂化气和柴油的收率、液体产品的硫含量等均造成一定程度的影响。催化裂化小型评价装置（ACE）试验结果表明：添加助剂RESN-3的质量分数不大于2%时对催化裂化反应的影响较小或没有影响,混合剂返回催化裂化装置再生具有可行性。     

THERMAL CRACKING OF A HEAVY GAS OIL FRACTION IN PRESENCE OF A NON-IONIC POLYMERIC SURFACTANT

Thermal cracking was applied to a gas oil fraction having a boiling range of 350-390°C and a high pour point of 28°C. This cracking was carried out in an autoclave in the presence of ethoxylated phenol formaldehyde polymeric surfactant (EPF). The role of the used additive was to reduce the severity of the thermal cracking reactions resulting in a milder cracking process and thus reducing the feed loss. The effects of reaction temperature and residence time on the yields and pour point of the cracked gas oil were investigated. Enthalpies, entropies and activation energies were determined according to Arrhenius equation and the absolute rate theories. The results showed that the EPF additive had an inhibiting effect and accelerated the termination step. The suggested mechanism was confirmed from the kinetic view.     

Properties of bituminous mixtures modified with a nano-organosilane additive

The authors aimed to determine the functional properties of binders and asphalt-mixtures modified with a liquid nano-organosilane additive. Hence, conventional and rheological tests of bitumen, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and resilient modulus using indirect tensile test were applied. The results indicated that although this silane-based additive creates a hydrophobic layer over the surface of aggregates, which significantly improve the resistance of asphalt-mixtures against water damage; it has inconsiderable effect on rutting, fatigue, and elastic-response properties of both binders and asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, effect of it on low-temperature cracking of binders is still open for discussion.     

Sulfur Reduction in FCC Gasoline with a Commercial Additive: A Microactivity Study

The use of advanced FCC catalysts and additives to reduce sulfur in gasoline remains the preferred option to refiners because of its economic and operation incentives. The performance of a commercial sulfur-reducing additive blended with a fresh RE-USY catalyst was assessed in a microactivity (MAT) unit using Arabian Light vacuum gas oil (VGO). The additive was evaluated at different concentrations (0-15 wt%) in terms of sulfur reduction capability and its effect on product yield structure, mainly gasoline. At 5 wt% additive, the results showed a 14 wt% reduction in total gasoline sulfur with minor effect on catalytic activity and product selectivity. Minimal reduction capability was observed towards benzothiophene (BT), which is difficult to crack and remove under cracking conditions. Upon increasing additive concentration to 10 wt%, total sulfur was reduced to 21 wt% compared to 27 wt% reduction at 15 wt% additive. At this additive concentration, aromatic sulfur compounds mainly C4-thiophenes and a portion of BT were cracked to tetrahydrothiophene, or thiophene, which were subsequently cracked to H₂S and light gases.     

Sulfur Reduction in FCC Gasoline with a Commercial Additive: A Microactivity Study

Abstract

The use of advanced FCC catalysts and additives to reduce sulfur in gasoline remains the preferred option to refiners because of its economic and operation incentives. The performance of a commercial sulfur-reducing additive blended with a fresh RE-USY catalyst was assessed in a microactivity (MAT) unit using Arabian Light vacuum gas oil (VGO). The additive was evaluated at different concentrations (0–15 wt%) in terms of sulfur reduction capability and its effect on product yield structure, mainly gasoline. At 5 wt% additive, the results showed a 14 wt% reduction in total gasoline sulfur with minor effect on catalytic activity and product selectivity. Minimal reduction capability was observed towards benzothiophene (BT), which is difficult to crack and remove under cracking conditions. Upon increasing additive concentration to 10 wt%, total sulfur was reduced to 21 wt% compared to 27 wt% reduction at 15 wt% additive. At this additive concentration, aromatic sulfur compounds mainly C4-thiophenes and a portion of BT were cracked to tetrahydrothiophene, or thiophene, which were subsequently cracked to H₂S and light gases.     

低堆积密度助辛烷值剂CHO－2的研究及应用

介绍了低堆积密度助辛烷值剂ＣＨＯ－２的性能评定及几种不同原料应用ＣＨＯ－２剂的固定流化床试验结果。北京燕山石油化工公司炼油厂重油催化裂化装置于１９９２年９月进行了ＣＨＯ－２剂的工业应用试验，结果使汽油辛烷值达到９０号规格标准，并使工厂获１９６９×１０４元人民币／ａ的经济效益。     

磷改性β沸石作为活性组分对FCC催化剂性能的影响

以磷改性β沸石替代质量分数5%的USY沸石作为流化催化裂化(FCC)模式催化剂的活性组分,通过实验室轻油微反、固定-流化床装置评价其催化性能。结果说明,FCC催化剂中加入一定量磷改性β沸石可以提高原料油的转化率、降低催化剂的比积碳及催化裂化汽油的烯烃含量。针对不同的原料油,汽油研究法辛烷值有不同程度的提高。     

胜利减压渣油强化热转化过程的研究

在实验室小型评价装置上考察了复合型增液剂L对胜利减压渣油热转化反应的影响。研究结果表明,增液剂L使热转化液体产物收率增加、焦炭和干气产率降低。增加的液体产物主要是蜡油馏分,其组成主要是3环以上的多环芳烃,说明增液剂可促进残渣油和重质生成油分子多环芳烃结构的烷基侧链和多环芳烃结构之间桥链的断裂,使3~4环的多环芳烃能够及时从反应器逸出而成为液体产品。气体产物中C3、C4烃收率增加、C1、C2烃收率减少,表明增液剂L改变了原料烃的热裂化方式。