层状结构Ⅰ型裂纹尖端场的焦散线实验研究

为研究岩层断裂行为,利用透射式静态焦散线实验系统,采用铝-环氧树脂层状试件模拟岩层结构,进行了静态三点弯曲实验。通过观察和测量不同试件以及在不同加载条件下裂纹尖端焦散斑特征尺寸的大小,分析了铝-环氧树脂层状结构Ⅰ型裂纹尖端静态断裂行为特性,并与ABAQUS数值模拟的结果较好地吻合。实验结果表明:1相同加载力F下,裂纹尖端Ⅰ型焦散斑特征尺寸D及应力强度因子值KI随试件所含铝板宽度w的增加而减小;2试件中铝板对裂纹尖端阻裂作用随着加载力F值增加而增强,其焦散斑特征尺寸值D与加载力F关系曲线D-F及应力强度因子值KI与加载力F关系曲线KI-F均呈现先上升、后变缓、再上升趋势;3铝板宽度w越大,则其对裂尖的阻裂现象出现越早。     

反平面剪切(Ⅲ型)加载下岩石断裂特征的有限元分析

采用有限元方法分析了在反平面剪切（Ⅲ型）加栽下岩石裂纹尖端的应力场及其尺寸效应，探讨了岩石在Ⅲ型加栽下的起裂角与断裂机理，并与实验结果加以对比．结论表明，在Ⅲ型加栽条件下，岩石不一定产生沿原裂纹面裂纹扩展的Ⅲ型断裂．当试件的最大剪应力与最大拉应力之比τmcr／σ1小于其临界值之比τ1／σ2时，往往产生偏离原裂纹面方向而沿着最大拉应力方向的拉伸（Ⅰ型）断裂，断裂轨迹为一空问螺旋面．为实现Ⅲ型加栽下沿原裂纹面扩展的Ⅲ型断裂，建议采用S／L〉0．8和a/w〈0．2的反平面冲剪试件．     

碳布补强含裂纹梁的断裂特性实验

为了解采用纤维复合材料加固含裂纹结构的断裂机理,通过光学焦散线方法对碳纤维布加固含裂纹梁进行3点弯荷载下的断裂实验,研究了其补强效果及断裂特性。实时记录了不同载荷状态下裂纹尖端应力集中引起的焦散斑光学图像,确定了不同初始裂纹长度的试件在粘贴加固不同长度碳布的情况下裂纹尖端的应力强度因子演化规律,分析了初始裂纹和粘贴碳布两种因素对加固效果的影响。实验结果表明:加固碳布可以大幅度地提高含裂纹梁强度,在该文实验中强度最大增加了近2倍。     

含双空孔缺陷试件三点弯曲冲击试验

为了研究双孔缺陷对运动裂纹的作用机制,采用数字激光动态焦散线系统对含双空孔缺陷的有机玻璃板三点弯曲梁进行冲击断裂实验,分析研究了双空孔缺陷下裂纹扩展的路径、尖端动态强度因子、扩展速度以及焦散斑的变化规律。结果表明：空孔缺陷会吸引周围运动的裂纹,导致裂纹运动轨迹发生变化;含双空孔缺陷试件起裂难度显著增加,起裂的临界应力强度因子增加了24.29%;运动裂纹在接近双空孔缺陷时,双空孔缺陷对裂纹的扩展有明显的抑制作用,裂纹通过双空孔缺陷中心后,双空孔缺陷对裂纹的扩展有促进作用。     

冲击荷载下Ⅰ型裂纹与圆孔缺陷相互作用

采用数字激光动态焦散线和超动态应变测试系统,对含圆孔缺陷的有机玻璃板三点弯曲梁进行冲击断裂实验,开展Ⅰ型扩展裂纹与不同直径圆孔缺陷相互作用实验研究。结果表明：冲击载荷下预制裂缝尖端焦散斑不断增大,圆孔缺陷左、右边缘应变片测点表现出竖直受压、水平受拉的应力状态。裂纹起裂后沿直线扩展,主要表现为Ⅰ型断裂。初始裂纹扩展速度和动态应力强度因子大小相似,变化趋势相近,应变片测点水平和竖直方向均表现出拉应力状态。初始裂纹与圆孔缺陷贯通时止裂,贯通瞬间应变片测点的水平和竖直拉应力均达最大值。随着圆孔缺陷直径增大,次生裂纹起裂速度和起裂韧度均变大,起裂难度增高。研究结果为揭示动荷载下含缺陷岩石断裂机理提供借鉴。     

不同韧性材料扩展裂纹尖端GH奇异场(英文)

用云纹法和光学空间滤波技术测量了双边裂纹单向拉伸的４种不同硬化指数铝 试件扩展裂纹尖端三维位移场；分析了位移奇异性；与ＧＨ理论解进行了比较。给出了 Ｉ型、平面应力、幂硬化材料扩展裂纹尖端奇异场比较的形式。证明和确定了试验的 ＧＨ奇异场主导区的存在及其范围和形状。ＧＨ主导区的尺寸和形状与材料特性、试件 几何尺寸和外载形式有关。在ＧＨ场内裂纹尖端附近有三维变形损伤区，该区内不是ＧＨ 奇异性．紧靠裂纹尖端有一个断裂过程区。随着外载荷增加将随机地出现孔洞并导致裂 纹扩展。     

中心裂纹圆盘裂纹形状尺寸对应力强度因子的影响

采用有限元数值分析方法 ,分析了由脆性材料制成的中心裂纹圆盘试件 ,在复合模式加载条件下裂纹形状尺寸 ,尤其是裂纹宽度和中心小孔半径对应力强度因子的影响 .结果表明 :槽式和槽孔组合式裂纹圆盘试件 ,其I型无量纲应力强度因子FⅠ均比按理想裂纹推出的解析解大 ,而Ⅱ型无量纲应力强度因子FⅡ 均比解析解小 ;随着加载角度增加 ,FⅠ 的数值解与解析解的差值逐渐变小 ,而FⅡ 的差值逐渐变大 ;同时 ,随着裂纹槽宽度或中心小孔半径的增加 ,应力强度因子数值解与解析解之差逐步增加 .依据数值分析的结果 ,给出了这两类试件相对于理想中心裂纹圆盘试件应力强度因子解析解的修正公式 .     

有/无填充介质对裂纹动态断裂特性影响的实验研究

为了研究有/无填充介质对裂纹动态断裂特性的影响,利用动态焦散线实验方法结合高速相机对含预制缺陷的试件进行了三点弯冲击断裂实验。研究结果表明:冲击载荷作用下运动主裂纹与预制缺陷贯通后,预制裂纹中有/无填充介质影响次生裂纹的起裂位置、数量、起裂模式、起裂所需时间。在预制裂纹中无填充介质的情况下,沿预制裂纹左右两侧对称产生2条次生裂纹,次生裂纹起裂时是Ⅰ+Ⅱ混合模式断裂;在填充环氧树脂介质情况下,沿预制裂纹中心处产生1条次生裂纹,次生裂纹起裂时是Ⅰ型断裂;同时无填充介质试件次生裂纹起裂所需时间大于填充了环氧树脂的试件。     

含异侧偏置裂纹试件的冲击断裂试验

利用新型数字激光动态焦散线试验系统,分析了含异侧偏置裂纹有机玻璃(PMMA)试件破坏的时程特性和裂纹尖端扩展过程中的应力奇异性变化。得出该加载条件下试件的断裂韧度约为1.16 MN/m_3/2,异侧偏置裂纹间距对试件冲击断裂韧度没有明显影响。一定范围内,异侧偏置裂纹间距越大,裂纹扩展的对称性越明显。贯穿主裂纹的扩展路径上存在一个明显的应力变化转折点,此处裂纹尖端的应力集中程度加强,试件由以拉伸破坏为主过渡为拉伸、剪切复合破坏。次裂纹尖端发生明显应力释放的同时,主裂纹尖端的应力集中明显加强。裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子表现出明显的震荡变化,主裂纹相对于次裂纹裂尖奇异性更强。     

动态裂纹迅速扩展的数值分析

本文运用有限元法对双悬臂梁(DCB)试件动态裂纹迅速扩展进行了分析,指出当采用线性位移场的单元时,线性释放节点约束力是合理的。实例计算表明:动态裂纹尖端应力强度因子计算值与实验值能较好地符合,同时对文中提出的两参数——动态裂纹尖端张开角及材料止裂时的裂纹尖端张开角——的计算结果表明:它们与动态裂纹尖端应力强度因子 K_(1D)及材料止裂韧性 K_(1A)等价。建议在动态裂纹迅速扩展及止裂分析中也可采用此参数。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.