家兔三叉神经根和半月结的微循环床的研究

目的：研究家兔三叉神经根和半月结内微循环的形态和结构.方法：20只家兔血管灌流固定,墨汁灌注血管,显微解剖三叉神经根和半月神经节,通过透明和切片观察神经根内血管的分布形态.结果： 三叉神经根的微血管分为神经外膜、神经束膜和神经内膜微血管.神经外膜血管沿神经根径向走行,沿途再发侧支斜行或横行入神经束之间,顺神经根束分布,并发侧支进入神经内膜;半月结内微血管围绕神经节细胞分布;三叉神经根内的微血管配布不均,其近侧端微血管数量较少,远侧端微血管数量较多.结论：三叉神经根内微循环血量调节主要依赖神经外膜和束膜的微动脉.三叉神经根微循环可能在三叉神经痛中扮演重要作用,神经根在受到压迫后,可造成神经根微循环障碍,进而可能引发神经纤维脱髓鞘.     

大鼠眶下孔注射高渗盐水阿霉素后三叉神经节内的荧光表达

目的：观察大鼠眶下神经周围注射高渗盐水阿霉素（10：1）的混合溶液后,神经干及三叉神经节内阿霉素自体荧光的表达及其时相变化。方法：将含10%NaCl和1%阿霉素的混合溶液（A组）或单纯10%NaCl（B组）注入大鼠眶下孔后,分别于10h、20h、2d、4d、7d和10d观察眶下神经及神经节内阿霉素荧光的表达。给药后每天观察大鼠须垫部的感觉功能变化。结果：眶下孔内神经周围注射高渗盐水阿霉素溶液后10h、20h、48h时,眶下神经外膜呈现连续强阳性荧光表达,神经干和三叉神经节内荧光表达呈上升趋势,48h达高峰,10d消失。A组对照侧、B组三叉神经节及所有动物的下颌神经、眼神经前根纤维及后根均未见荧光表达。结论：大鼠眶下孔内注射高渗盐水阿霉素后,可在三叉神经节前外侧区见到神经节细胞内的荧光表达。神经节细胞的荧光表达是阿霉素破坏神经节细胞的必要条件,经皮穿刺注射高渗盐水阿霉素有望成为治疗三叉神经痛的可选方法。     

牙本质损伤后牙髓和三叉神经节内一氧化氮合酶的观察

目的 了解一氧化氮(NO)在牙髓神经感觉信息传递中的作用，观察牙本质损伤后三叉神经节内和牙髓内还原性辅酶Ⅱ硫辛酸脱氢酶(NADPH—D)的变化。方法 对大鼠实验性牙本质损伤后牙髓和三叉神经节内，以及人牙本质损伤后牙髓内一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)进行组织化学检测，计数统计每个大鼠三叉神经节和牙髓组织标本所有组织切片含NOS阳性细胞总数，结果 实验性大鼠牙本质损伤侧三叉神经节内NADPH—D阳性神经数明显多于对照侧(P＜0．05)，而阳性神经元细胞大小未见变化；人牙本质损伤牙髓组织内未发现NADPH—D阳性神经元细胞。结论 三叉神经节内的NO可能与牙髓神经痛信息传递和调控有关，而与牙髓内伤害性刺激的传递无关。     

IL-1β在大鼠颞下颌关节炎性痛中的作用机制探讨

目的：探讨ERK1/2、NF-κB信号通路是否参与白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）上调疼痛因子Nav1.7的表达,进而参与大鼠颞下颌关节炎性痛。方法：建立颞下颌关节炎症模型或通过大鼠三叉神经节脑立体定位实验,于活体大鼠三叉神经节内注射IL-1β,评估三叉神经节p-ERK1/2、p-p65、Nav1.7、COX-2、p-CREB等分子的表达及摆头阈值变化。体外培养大鼠三叉神经节,IL-1β单独或联合ERK、NF-κB抑制剂U0126、PDTC,利用实时定量 PCR及蛋白免疫印迹评估三叉神经节p-ERK1/2、p-p65、Nav1.7、COX-2、p-CREB的表达变化。采用SPSS 22.0软件包进行数据统计。结果：诱导颞下颌关节炎症24 h及活体大鼠三叉神经节内注射IL-1β 24 h后,三叉神经节内p-ERK1/2、p-p65、Nav1.7、COX-2、p-CREB 表达显著上调,同时摆头阈值降低。ERK及NF-κB抑制剂均可阻断IL-1β上调三叉神经节内Nav1.7、COX-2、p-CREB表达。结论：IL-1β通过ERK1/2、NF-κB信号通路上调三叉神经节内Nav1.7的表达,进而参与大鼠颞下颌关节炎性痛。     

实验性牙移动过程中三叉神经节内神经生长因子受体TrkA的改变

目的观察实验性牙移动时,神经生长因子受体TrkA在三叉神经节内的改变。方法采用免疫荧光方法观察大鼠实验性牙移动后,三叉神经节内TrkA免疫阳性细胞的改变。结果实验性牙移动加力24 h组3、d组、1周组,实验侧三叉神经节内TrkA免疫阳性神经元较对侧增多;2周组实验侧三叉神经节TrkA免疫阳性神经元与对照组相比差异无显著性。结论实验性牙移动时,实验侧三叉神经节内TrkA免疫阳性神经元增多。     

单侧咀嚼大鼠三叉神经节内PPTAmRNA及其相应蛋白的表达研究

目的:观察磨除单侧后牙造成单侧咀嚼的大鼠三叉神经节内P物质(substance P,SP)及编码 SP 的前速激肽原 A(PPTA)mRNA 的表达情况,进一步探讨颞颌关节病的发病机制.方法:Wistar 雄性大鼠48只,随机分为6组,包括3个实验组及相应对照组,每组8只.实验组动物磨除右侧上、下颌磨牙,人为造成单侧咀嚼.双侧三叉神经节切片行 SP 免疫组化(SABC法)和原位杂交反应.光镜观察拍片,并用 Image Pro Plus 5.1 图像分析软件进行测定.结果与对照组比较,用SPSS10.0软件进行统计分析.结果:每一实验组咀嚼侧和非咀嚼侧三叉神经节内 SP 免疫阳性神经元百分比与各自对照组比较显著降低(p<0.01,p<0.05),非咀嚼侧明显低于咀嚼侧(P<0.01,p<0.05).原位杂交结果显示,每一实验组咀嚼侧与非咀嚼侧三叉神经节中 PPTAmRNA 阳性神经元的数量较各自对照组明显增高(p<0.01),非咀嚼侧明显高于咀嚼侧(p<0.01,p<0.05).结论:三叉神经节内 SP 和 PPTAmRNA 参与了单侧咀嚼引起的颞颌关节病的病理过程,且两侧三叉神经节内SP释放量、PPTAmRNA 合成量不同.     

活化卫星胶质细胞参与牙髓炎症及痛觉过敏的实验研究

目的:观察大鼠实验性牙髓炎过程中三叉神经节GFAP的表达变化,探讨三叉神经系统通过卫星胶质细胞活化反应参与牙髓炎症及痛觉过敏的潜在机制。方法:建立大鼠牙髓炎动物模型,应用免疫荧光染色及RT-PCR半定量分析方法,从细胞水平及mRNA水平检测三叉神经节中GFAP的动态表达。结果:大鼠牙髓炎症24 h后,三叉神经节内可见GFAP免疫阳性卫星胶质细胞围绕在神经元周围,形成典型的环状结构。RT-PCR半定量分析结果显示,GFAP的mRNA表达水平于炎症24 h达峰值。结论:三叉神经系统通过卫星胶质细胞活化反应参与牙髓炎症及痛觉过敏的发生和发展。     

神经束路追踪法在三叉神经节分区研究中的应用现状

三叉神经各分支在三叉神经节的投射分区对于治疗多种神经痛的三叉神经节定位毁损术有重要指导意义,各种神经束路追踪技术被广泛应用于三叉神经节分区的研究,本文对束路追踪法在研究三叉神经节分区的应用现状进行综述。     

脂质体阿霉素对大鼠三叉神经形态与功能影响的实验研究

目的 :观察脂质体阿霉素对大鼠三叉神经形态与功能的影响。方法 :3 3g/L脂质体阿霉素直接注射于大鼠一侧眶下神经束 ,对侧以生理盐水对照。神经电生理检查给药后大鼠的二腹肌肌电的变化 ,光镜下观察实验侧三叉神经节细胞的形态学变化 ,透射电镜观察三叉神经节细胞的超微形态结构变化。结果 :神经电生理结果显示动物对针刺反应不敏感 ,并显示不同时间左右两侧潜伏期 (ms)及痛阈 (mA)的变化都有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;实验侧光镜下可见大量细胞皱缩 ,形态不规则 ,细胞周围出现空隙 ;电镜下可见胞质中出现不规则的电子致密物质 ,线粒体、高尔基体、粗面内质网、核膜、有髓神经纤维髓鞘和无髓神经纤维病理性改变。结论 :脂质体阿霉素注入神经干后 ,可以选择性破坏相应的节细胞 ,引起神经功能上的变化。     

口腔医学问答通览——(七)解剖(神经、血管)部分

1.三又神经起源于何处? 三叉神经起于脑桥两侧的两个根。大根是感觉根并延伸到半月神经节或三叉神经节。小根是运动根。眼神经、上颌神经和下颌神经或分支来自于半月节。运动根进入下颌神经。 2.上颌神经有哪些分支? 脑膜神经,翼腭神经,上牙槽后神经,颧神经,     

Trigeminal ganglion cell response to mental nerve transection and repair in the rat.

PURPOSE: Animal studies have suggested that peripheral nerve transection results in substantial loss of ganglion cells and the selective survival of cells based on size. The implications are that subsequent repair of peripheral nerve injuries will be determined by the numerical density and character of the surviving cells. The purpose of this study was twofold: First, to determine the effect of mental nerve transection without repair on trigeminal ganglion cell density and morphology in adult rats, and second, to determine the variation of trigeminal ganglion cell density and morphology after immediate and delayed repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the first part of the study, 12 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats had their mental nerves exposed bilaterally (n = 24). Twelve mental nerves were then transected and prevented from regenerating, and the remaining 12 nerves were uninjured. Ninety and 180 days after transection or sham surgery, the trigeminal ganglia were serially cut into 5 microm longitudinal sections along the dorsoventral axis. The volume and volume density of the mandibular mental subdivision containing sensory cells was determined at each section level with point-counting methods. The numerical density and total number of cells was estimated on the same section, using an unbiased three-dimensional stereological probe, the dissector. Cell size and shape determinants were estimated using the dissector and computerized planimetry. In the second part of the study, six rats had the mental nerves transected bilaterally and immediately repaired by microscopic sutures. In six additional rats, the repair was delayed for 90 days. In both groups, the trigeminal ganglia were serially cut at 30, 60, and 90 days post-repair and stereologic estimates of numerical density and histomorphometry were examined using the dissector and computed planimetry. RESULTS: In the trigeminal ganglia of the 12 sham-operated animals, the mean number of cells was 20.6 x 10(3) (+/-2.9 X 10(3)). After nerve section, the mean number of cells was 10.88 X 10(3) (+/-0.9 X 10(3)), representing a 47% reduction. The mean volume of the mandibular subdivision cells in the ganglia of the sham surgery animals was 0.3 mm3 (+/-0.05) and 0.22 mm3 (+/-0.04) in nerve-sectioned ganglia, a 38% difference. There were no ganglia cell size or shape differences between the two groups. The mean number of cells in the ganglia of immediately repaired nerves was 10.66 x 10(3)(+/-1.1 X 10(3)), and it was 12.45 x 10(3) (+/-0.9 x 10(3)) after delayed repair. The numerical density was significantly less than in the sham surgery ganglia but not different from that of the transection/no repair ganglia. The weighted mean reference volume of the mandibular subdivision after immediate and delayed repair was similar and was significantly greater than the transection/no repair group, but not different from the sham surgery group. The cell size was slightly larger in delayed-repair ganglia compared with immediate-repair ganglia, but the differences were not significant. There were no significant differences in any of the stereologic estimates when analyzed across treatment time. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study agree with previous reports that peripheral nerve transection produces a substantial loss of nerve cells within specified regions of sensory ganglions. However, the results conflict with evidence that cells survive transection based on size and shape. These findings also indicate that in the adult rat the substantial loss of nerve cells was unaltered by the reconnection of their severed axons. Neither immediate or delayed repair of the transected nerve altered the spectrum of surviving cells based on size or shape. The reestablishment of the mean reference volume of the mandibular subdivision after section and repair suggests that demands made on regenerating axons appear to result in the restoration of ganglionic volume normally lost after axotomy, probably the result of axo     

新型SD大鼠压迫性三叉神经痛动物模型建立及其作用研究

目的    本实验探讨建立一种新型SD大鼠压迫性三叉神经痛（TN）动物模型。方法    本研究于2014年6月于中国医科大学附属口腔医院中心实验室进行。雄性SD大鼠30只随机分为2组：实验组15只经脑定位仪3D定位至三叉神经根处,利用微量注射器将5%琼脂溶液10 μL注射到三叉神经根;对照组15只注射等量生理盐水。术前1 d和术后1、2、3、5、7、10、14、21、28、35、42 d分别进行行为学观察,Von Frey纤维测定大鼠机械性刺激反应阈值,利用方差分析及t检验对机械刺激阈值进行统计学分析。同时取压迫处三叉神经行苏木精—伊红（HE）及嗜银染色,并进行三叉神经节（TG）内星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的免疫荧光检测。结果    实验组大鼠术侧机械刺激反应阈值在术后逐渐降低并稳定持续约30 d（P＜0.05）,HE及嗜银染色显示神经纤维肿胀、脱髓鞘样改变;实验组大鼠术侧TG内星形胶质细胞GFAP表达明显增强。结论    琼脂压迫大鼠三叉神经根可以建立稳定的TN动物模型,为未来进一步研究TN病因及治疗提供一种可靠而有效的动物模型。     

大鼠眶下孔注射高渗盐水阿霉素后三叉神经节的病理变化

目的：本实验旨在研究大鼠眶下孔注射高渗盐水阿霉素后,三叉神经功能和三叉神经节细胞病理形态的变化。方法：48只SD大鼠,随机分为A、B两组,每组24只,每组又分四个时间点：1周组,2周组,1月组,3月组取材,每时间点6只大鼠。将A、B组分别给予10%NaCl和1%阿霉素的混合溶液10μl眶下孔注射,生理盐水10μl眶下孔注射（B组）每组给药后于1周、2周、1月及3月时测试各组剩余大鼠的触须垫感觉功能,后处死取三叉神经节标本,制作H E染色切片,分别观察神经节细胞的形态学变化,用等距随机抽样法记录节细胞总数及异常节细胞率。结果：各组动物感觉功能测试,A、B组同时间点有统计学差异（P〈0.01）,眶下孔内神经周围注射高渗盐水阿霉素溶液后A 1-A 4组节细胞总数呈递减趋势（同组各时间点分别比较,P〈0.01）,显著低于B组同时间点（P〈0.01）,而与B组各时间点相比,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;异常节细胞率A 1-A 4组呈递增趋势（A组各时间点相比（P〈0.01）,显著高于B组同时间点（P〈0.01）。结论：大鼠眶下孔内神经周围注射高渗盐水阿霉素后,阿霉素可在高渗盐水的作用下被神经纤维大量吸收并进一步逆行运输到三叉神经节,随着时间的延续引起三叉神经节细胞的渐进性退变。     

Somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion in the rat

Forty adult rats underwent simple transection of one of ten different branches of the maxillary and mandibular nerves. All animals were killed on the tenth postoperative day and the trigeminal ganglia were removed for routine histological processing. After staining for Nissl substance, the positions of chromatolytic perikarya were plotted on overlays of photographic enlargements of serial sections. The percentages of chromatolytic cells for all ganglion regions and all nerve lesions were determined and used to construct histograms. Results showed a series of somatotopic columns arranged longitudinally within the ganglion. The laterally placed cell columns corresponded to lateral fields of orofacial innervation supplied by the auriculo-temporal nerve and branches to the molar teeth. The antero-medial cell columns corresponded to more medial orofacial structures, supplied by the maxillary incisor and external nasal nerves. The dorso-ventral organization was more complex although, in general, intraoral structures were represented in the more ventral nerve-cell masses.     

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??Objective    On the basis of this experiment in simulated clinical vascular compression of the trigeminal root??use the agar compression of trigeminal nerve root by 3D positioning to establish a new animal model of trigeminal neuralgia and relevant research. Methods    Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups??Experimental group??the rat head brain locator targeted to the trigeminal nerve root and 5% agar solution??10μL??was injected into the trigeminal nerve root by using miro syringe??Control group rats positioning micro syringe to the trigeminal nerve root injection of saline solution. Preoperative 1 d and postoperative 1??2??3??5??7??10??14??21??28??35??42 d respectively with behavioral observation of animals??Von Frey fiber mechanical stimulation reaction threshold determination in rats??use the ANOVA and T test for data statistics analysis. At the same time take the trigeminal nerve with HE and silver staining and trigeminal ganglion in the astrocytes GFAP immunefluorescence detection. Results    Experimental rat lateral mechanical stimulation reaction threshold operation gradually reduce and stabilize last about 30 days after surgery??P??0.05??. HE and argentophilic staining showed swelling of the nerve fibers??demyelinating changes??the surgical operation side trigeminal ganglion of rats in astrocytes increased GFAP expression. Conclusion    Agar compression in the rat trigeminal nerve root can establish a reliable and effective animal model for the future further research of etiology and treatment of TN provide a reliable and effective animal model.     

鼠三叉神经节中神经肽阳性胞体的分布与密度

目的 观察鼠三叉神经节中神经肽Ｐ物质、降钙素基因相关肽及神经肽Ｙ阳性神经元的分布与密度,为今后研究神经肽在口腔颌在部的作用提供形态学依据。方法 ＳＤ雄性大白鼠８只,灌注固定,取双侧三叉神经节水平位连续切片,ＡＢＣ法漂染,镜检,计算机图像分析。结果 三叉神经节中有丰富而均匀分布的Ｐ物质及降钙素基因相关肽阳性胞体,分别占神经元总数的１５％和４０％左右,染色深浅不一,主要为中小型假单极细胞,其阳性纤维聚     

Myogenic determination and differentiation of the mouse palatal muscle in relation to the developing mandibular nerve.

The vertebrate palatal muscles are derived from the cranial paraxial mesoderm and start myogenesis by the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). Predetermined myogenic cells migrate from the cranial paraxial mesoderm into the branchial arches, followed by myogenic differentiation. The objective of this study was to elucidate whether the determination, migration, and differentiation of myogenic cells during the myogenesis of the palatal muscles, particularly the tensor veli palatini (TVP), are related to the extending mandibular nerve in mouse embryos. By immunohistochemical staining at embryonic day (E) 9.5, MyoD1 and myogenin have been expressed in the mandibular arch, into which the mandibular nerve had not yet extended. At E11.5, these myogenic cells encircled the extending mandibular nerve and were distributed from the distal and lateral to the trigeminal ganglion and into the mandibular arch to form the muscle plate, a girdle-like structure. By E12.5, these myogenic cells lost their girdle-like pattern, vacated the trunk area of the mandibular nerve, and were separated into several incompletely divided masses encircling the collateral branches of the mandibular nerve. The TVP started differentiation at E13.5 with the appearance of myofilaments and acetylcholinesterase (AchE), whereas the other palatal muscles began differentiation at E14.5. We defined the differentiation process of mouse palatal muscles into five stages based on the present findings. These results suggest that the determination and initial migration of the palatal myogenic cells into the mandibular arch occur before the mandibular nerve extends out of the trigeminal ganglion, whereas the myogenic cells migrating into the final sites of differentiation intimately relate to the extending nerve.     

下颌神经多分支切除治疗三叉神经痛疗效观察

目的:为提高三叉神经痛手术治愈率,减少术后复发,采用口腔内手术径路,实施下颌神经切断及多分支切除后,进行术后观察及疗效评估。方法:对16例原发性三叉神经第Ⅲ支痛患者切断下颌神经及对其各分支(包括舌、颊、下牙槽、颏神经)进行切除。结果:术后观察3～5年未见复发,舌、颊、下牙槽、颏等神经分支区域仍有麻木感。结论:对原发性三叉神经第Ⅲ支痛采取下颌神经切断及各分支切除术,可以提高治疗效果。     

HN12-TG共培养模式下HN12细胞的促神经突起生长作用

目的 建立肿瘤神经新生现象的体外研究模型,探讨在体外共培养模式下,人舌鳞状细胞癌细胞系HN-12对Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠三叉神经节（TG）突起生长的影响。方法：无菌条件下将HN-12细胞与SD大鼠TG接种于6孔板的Matrigel 胶内进行共培养,TG单独培养作为对照组。分别于培养的第24、48、72、96、120 h拍照,测量实验组和对照组TG节神经突起生成的长度,利用SPSS19.0软件包检测2组神经突长度有无显著差异。结果：连续培养5 d发现,在共培养组,HN-12细胞对神经节突起的形成和生长具有明显的促进作用,与对照组相比有显著差异。并且,实验组中神经节突起具有明显的趋肿瘤细胞生长特性。结论：舌鳞癌神经新生现象体外培养模型成功建立。HN-12细胞具有促神经节突起生长的作用。